. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019 Aug 10;109:104403. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104403

Table 2.

Fixed Effects Estimates from 3-Level Growth Models of Diurnal Cortisol

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3

	Est.	SE	Est.	SE	Est.	SE
Intercept (waking cortisol level), b₀	1.790^*	0.046	1.763^*	0.049	1.539^*	0.110
Latino cultural values, γ₀₀₁			−0.082	0.055	−0.086	0.052
Mainstream cultural values, γ₀₀₂			0.152^*	0.051	0.121^*	0.053
Immigrant generation, γ₀₀₃					−0.018	0.014
Depressive symptoms, γ₀₀₄					−0.005	0.006
Oral contraceptive use, γ₀₀₅					−0.272	0.272
Night-before sleep duration, β₀₁					0.037^*	0.015
Cortisol awakening response (1 = 2^nd sample), b₁	0.690^*	0.046	0.722^*	0.039	0.772^*	0.134
Latino cultural values, γ₁₀₁			0.016	0.048	−0.014	0.053
Mainstream cultural values, γ₁₀₂			−0.052	0.064	−0.037	0.066
Depressive symptoms, γ₁₀₃					−0.003	0.004
Oral contraceptive use, γ₁₀₄					−0.123	0.118
General corticosteroid use, γ₁₀₅					−0.192	0.153
Night-before sleep duration, β₁₁					−0.001	0.020
Diurnal cortisol slope (time since waking), b₂	−0.068^*	0.010	−0.058^*	0.011	0.007	0.008
Latino cultural values, γ₂₀₁			0.005	0.006	0.006	0.006
Mainstream cultural values, γ₂₀₂			−0.013^†	0.007	−0.014^*	0.007
Male, γ₂₀₃					0.050^*	0.014
Parent education, γ₂₀₄					0.002	0.001
Night-before sleep duration, β₂₁					−0.013^*	0.001
Quadratic function (time since waking²), b₃	−0.002^*	0.001	−0.003^*	0.001	−0.004^*	0.001
Male, γ₃₀₁					−0.347^*	0.086
Night-before sleep duration, β₃₁					0.044^*	0.015
Perceived stress level in last hour, b₄			−0.008	0.007	−0.009	0.007
Latino cultural values, γ₄₀₁			−0.024^*	0.008	−0.023^*	0.008
Mainstream cultural values, γ₄₀₂			0.011	0.012	0.010	0.012
Depressive symptoms, γ₄₀₃					0.001	0.001
Ongoing stress, b₅					0.018^*	0.006
Caffeine in last hour, b₆					0.139^*	0.061

Note. N = 2638 samples nested within 206 individuals. Cortisol values (nmol/L) transformed using the natural log function. Immigrant generation: 1 = participant, parents, and both sets of grandparents born outside U.S., 7 = all born in U.S.; Oral contraceptive use: 1 = using, 0 = not using, and all males; Parent education level: 1 = less than high school, 10 = doctorate or advanced degree; Ongoing stress: 1 = stress of last hour ongoing at time of saliva sample, 0 = stress completed. Est. = regression coefficient estimate. SE = robust standard error.

^†

p = .059.

p < .05.