Table 3.
Variables evaluated during MDD.
| References | Clinical evaluation | HRCT | PFT | Lung biopsy | Laboratory test | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burge et al. (14) | History (brief clinical history, the duration of breathlessness, exposure, and smoking histories) Physical examination (crackles and clubbing) | Yes, pre-operative lung CT | Full lung function tests before biopsy (not described) | Yes | Immunological tests to identify collagen-vascular diseases, antibodies associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and angiotensin converting enzyme levels | / |
| Chartrand et al. (15) | History (smoke, family history) BMI | Yes at baseline | Yes, FVC, DLCO | No | 5 myositis-specific (Jo1, PL12, PL7, OJ, EJ, Mi2, SRP) and myositis-associated antibodies (Ro52, Ku, PM-Scl) antibodies (Jo1, PL-7, PL-12, EJ, OJ), 2 other myositis-specific antibodies (Mi-2, SRP), and 3 myositis-associated antibodies (Ku, PM-Scl, Ro-52) | / |
| Castelino et al. (16) | History (occupational and environmental exposures, medication history, family history) Physical examination (skin, mucus membranes, musculoskeletal, oropharyngeal, and gastrointestinal system) | Yes at baseline | Yes, FVC, DLCO | Yes | Anti-nuclear antibody (performed using HEp2 cell lines at BWH), ENAs, RF, inflammatory markers (ESR and CRP) | -Nailfold capillaroscopy -Echocardiography -Esophageal testing for pH or manometric studies |
| De Sadeleer et al. (17) | History (familial history, exposures, comorbidities, and medication use) -Physical examination | Yes at baseline | Yes not specified | Yes | Serological data (not specified) | BAL |
| Ferri et al. (18) | - History (demographic, occupational, smoking, medication, environmental, occupational, autoimmune manifestation) | Yes at baseline | Yes, including DLCO | Surgical lung biopsy Skin biopsy | ANA, anti-ENA, ESR, CRP, routine blood chemistry, urinalysis, infections, RF (first line), antiCCP, complement, ASMA, AMA, ANCA, antiphospholipid, organ specific antibodies, 24 h proteinuria (second line) | Doppler echocardiography, Joint echography, Nailfold capillaroscopy, Schirmer's test, Salivary gland echography, Minor salivary gland biopsy, Muscle biopsy, Electromyography |
| Flaherty et al. (19) | History (symptoms, environmental exposures, comorbid illnesses, medication use, smoking history, family history) -Physical examination findings | Yes at baseline | Yes, lung volumes and DLCO | No | Serological data (not specified) | / |
| Fujisawa et al. (20) | History (symptoms, environmental exposures, smoking history, family history, comorbid illnesses) -Physical examination | Yes, within 3 months from SLB | Yes, FVC, FEV1, DLCO | Yes | Blood test results, arterial blood gas analysis (or SpO2) | 6-MWT, bronchoscopy, including bronchoalveolar lavage |
| Han et al. (21) | - History [smoking history; environmental, occupational and drug exposure; history of established connective tissue disease (CTD)] | Yes at baseline | Yes not specified | Yes | No | / |
| Jeong et al. (22) | - History (exercise status, Educational status, underlying rheumatic diseases) | Yes, repeat at 6 months | Yes, lung volumes, and DLCO, repeat at 3 months | No | No | The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ), Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), Adherence measures |
| Jo et al. (42) | History (smoke, presence of underlying rheumatic diseases) -Physical examination(BMI) | Yes at baseline | Yes, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and DLCO | Yes | No | / |
| Jo et al. (24) | -History smokers (pack/years) | Yes at baseline | Yes, FVC, TLC, DLCO | Yes | Extended myositis screen and hypersensitivity precipitins and BNP | 6-MWT, Resting SpO2, Nadir SpO2, Transthoracic echocardiogram, right heart catheterization |
| Kalluri et al. (25) | -Charlson Comorbidity Index -Pharmacotherapy (anti fibrotics, PPI, opioids, benzodiazepines) | No | Yes, FVC, DLCO | No | No | / |
| Kohashi et al. (26) | -History (smoke) - BMI | Yes at baseline | Yes, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, DLCO | No | BNP, LDH, KL-6, SP-D, ANA, RF, other autoantibodies | echocardiography |
| Kondoh et al. (27) | -History (smoke) | Yes at baseline | Yes, FVC, DLCO, FEV1/FVC repeated every year | Yes | No | BAL, PaO2 |
| Levi et al. (28) | -History (smoke, family history of ILD, medications and environmental risk factors) | Yes at baseline | Yes, FVC%, DLCO%, and TLC% | Yes | Complete blood count, chemistry, renal and liver function tests, antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor (RF), C-reactive protein (CRP), anti-dsDNA, Scl70, anti-SSA, and anti-SSB were done. A cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies test was done in the case of a positive RF result, anti-Jo1, anti-RNP, anti-Smith, anticentromere, antimyeloperoxidase, antiproteinase−3, and anticardiolipin antibodies, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, various IgG subclasses including IgG4, and vitamin D (level) | Echocardiogram (Pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure), O2 saturation, Bronchoscopy (BAL only, TBB, Cryobiopsy, EBUS), 6-min walking distance (6MWD) test, |
| Lok (29) | -Evaluation of ongoing pharmacologic therapy | Yes at baseline | Yes, FEV1,FVC,TLC, DLCO | Yes | No | / |
| Chaudhuri et al. (30) | No | Yes at baseline | Yes, lung volumes, and DLCO | No | No | / |
| Nakamura et al. (31) | -Evaluation of Smoking index -GAP (Gender, Age, and Physiology) score | Yes, every 3–6 months | Yes, FVC, FEV1, DLCO, DLCO/VA every 3–6 months | Yes | Krebs von der Lungen-6, surfactant protein D, antinuclear antibody, auto-antibodies related to connective tissue diseases | Echocardiography |
| Newton et al. (32) | History (ethnicity, clinical manifestations: dyspnea, cough, smoking status) -Physical examination (crackles, clubbing) | Yes at baseline | Yes, FVC DLCO at baseline and during follow up without a established timing | No | No | / |
| Patterson et al. (3) | -History (race, smoking habits, clinical features of sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and CTD related ILD) | Yes at baseline | Yes, FVC, and DLCO at baseline and yearly | Yes | No | Walking distance, Hypoxemia |
| Pezzuto et al. (33) | No | Yes at baseline | Yes, at the time of evaluation FVC, TV, TLC, DLCO | Yes | For exclusion of CTD and vasculitis but not specified | BAL |
| Tanizawa et al. (34) | -History (ethnicity/race, smoking status, selected comorbidities) (asthma; congestive heart failure; gastroesophageal reflux; sleep apnea; diabetes), exposure history | Yes closed to biopsy. Categorized as definite UIP, possible UIP, or inconsistent with UIP pattern | Yes, close to biopsy FVC, FEV1, TLC, DLCO | Yes | No | MUC5B genotyping and telomere length measurement |
| Thomeer et al. (35) | No | Yes within 12 months before biopsy and during follow up | No | Yes | No | / |
| Tomassetti et al. (36) | -History: onset, symptoms, detailed history of exposure, family history, past medical history, and medications | Yes at baseline | Yes, at the time of evaluation FVC, RV, TLC, DLCO | No | Blood cell count, LDH, CRP, ESR, liver and kidney function profile, autoimmunity—ANA ENA ANCA | / |
| Tominaga et al. (37) | -History: onset, symptoms, detailed history of exposure, family history, past medical history, and medications | Yes, baseline | Yes VC, DLCO | Yes | Rheumatoid arthritis test, rheumatoid arthritis particle agglutination (RAPA) and ANA, serum biomarkers (Krebs von der Lungen-6 and surfactant protein-D) | / |
| Oltmanns et al. (38) | -History (comorbidities, smoking history) | Yes at baseline | / | Yes | Blood gas analysis, liver function test | / |
| Ussavarungsi et al. (39) | No | No | / | Yes | No | / |
| Walsh et al. (40) | -History (smoking habits, rheumatological disease, and rheumatological manifestation) | Yes at baseline | / | Yes | Autoantibodies | / |
| Yamauchi et al. (41) | -History (smoke) | Yes at baseline | / | No | KL-6, SP-D | / |
CT, computer tomography; BMI, body mass index; FVC, forced vital capacity; DLCO, the ability to spread carbon monoxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in the 1st second; less frequently, TLC, total lung capacity; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ANA, antinuclear antibodies; RF, rheumatoid factor; ACPA, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide; ENA antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; ASMA, antibodies against smooth muscle; ANCAs, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; CTD, connective tissue disease; SLB, surgical lung biopsy; 6mwt, six minute walking test; ILD-CTD, interstitial lung disease related to connective tissue disease; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; SpO2, saturation of peripheral oxygene; BNP, natriuretic peptide B; LDH, lactic dehydrogenase; KL-6, Krebs von den Lungen 6; SP-D, surfactant protein-D; NSIP, idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia; IPAF, interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features; TBB, transbronchial biopsy; Scl70, anti-topoisomerase1; EBUS, endobronchial ultrasound; PaO2, Partial Pressure of Oxygen in Arterial Blood; U-ILD, undifferentiated interstitial lung disease; BCF, bronchiolocentric fibrosis; MUC5B, mucin 5B; /, not reported.