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. 2019 Oct 24;10:1335. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01335

Graphical Abstract.

Graphical Abstract

In heart failure (HF) diaphragmatic dysfunction may develop via two mechanisms: (i) diaphragm hypoperfusion could decrease diaphragmatic contractility (meaning that diaphragm dysfunction is a by-product of HF); or (ii) cirulating pro-inflammatory cytokines could directly alter diaphragm function (meaning that this potential mechanism should be investigated in future research projects).