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. 2019 Oct 18;6:91. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00091

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Copyright © 2019 Dhama, Latheef, Dadar, Samad, Munjal, Khandia, Karthik, Tiwari, Yatoo, Bhatt, Chakraborty, Singh, Iqbal, Chaicumpa and Joshi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Heat shock proteins as stress biomarkers. HSP70 has been reported as a biomarker in monitoring environmental diseases, such as mycotoxicoses. HSP27 was characterized as a potent marker for thermal stress, facilitating the effective re-orientation of misfolded proteins. HSP27 inhibits the intrinsic and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways via its action on Bax and cytochrome c. HSP60 and HSP70 was demonstrated to have neuroprotective function in arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in red jungle fowl. HSP30, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 were elevated in an Avermectin toxicity model in the cardiac tissues of pigeons.