Fig. 2.

A: participants learn to reach to auditory targets (active + targets group, n = 25). Before and after learning (green), all groups were tested using active no-feedback trials (red and blue). B: performance on target trials for the group where targets and feedback were presented in alternating fashion but never together for the same trial (n = 20). In between each set of target trials, these participants also performed no-target active reaching movements. C: participants (n = 25) were able to learn the permuted map. This learning was evident when the target-to-movement error was computed in auditory space but not when it was computed in motor space. This indicated that participants produced movements whose sounds were similar to the target sound instead of producing movements that were similar to the target movement. D: baseline performance was not different across groups and is shown combined in the gray bar. Colored bars indicate the performance of the various groups during the postactive no-feedback trials. All groups showed learning relative to baseline, except for the scrambled group. E: rate of learning as assessed during training. For each participant, a line was fit to the error during training and the slopes of these lines are shown to be the same across groups. F: as a control, the distribution of active movements was largely equated between the conditions. Error bars and shaded area indicate means ± SE.