. 2019 Oct 12;16(20):3869. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16203869

Table 2.

Health status and health service utilization according to frailty status.

Characteristics	Non-Frailty		Pre-Frailty		Frailty		Total		p-value
Characteristics	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	p-value
Comorbidities
Stroke	0	0.0	7	2.1	3	2.7	10	2.0	0.44 ^a
Transient ischemic attack	2	3.1	22	6.6	3	2.7	27	5.3	0.20 ^a
Diabetes mellitus	1	1.5	11	3.3	12	10.8	24	4.7	<0.01 ^a
Chronic lung disease	1	1.5	23	6.9	9	8.1	33	6.5	0.20 ^a
Parkinson’s	0	0.0	2	0.6	0	0.0	2	0.4	0.59 ^a
Arthritis	22	33.9	85	25.3	37	33.3	144	28.1	0.14 ^a
Hypertension	13	20.0	104	31.0	49	44.1	166	32.4	<0.01 ^a
Number of comorbidities
0	32	49.2	156	46.4	33	29.7	221	43.2	<0.01 ^a
1	28	43.1	115	34.2	51	46.0	194	37.9
≥2	5	7.7	65	19.4	27	24.3	97	19.0
History of fall in the last 12 months	12	18.5	63	18.8	34	30.6	109	21.3	0.03 ^a
Cognitive impairment (Mini cog)	26	40.0	225	67.0	89	80.2	340	66.4	<0.01 ^a
Polypharmacy (≥5 drugs)	3	4.6	45	13.4	24	21.6	72	14.1	<0.01 ^a
Using inpatient service in the last 12 months	7	10.8	53	15.8	18	16.2	78	15.2	0.56 ^a
Using outpatient service in the last 12 months	30	46.2	166	49.4	57	51.4	253	49.4	0.80 ^a
Regular health examination in the last 12 months	44	67.7	240	71.4	83	74.8	367	71.7	0.59 ^a

^a Chi-squared test; percentages are relative to the total number of people for a particular group.