Table 1.
Antidiabetic plants.
| Genus | Species | Geographic Zone | Activity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acacia | Acacia nilotica | antidiabetic | [148] | |
| Acacia catechu | Nepal, India | antihyperglycemic | [149,150,151] | |
| Acacia farnesiana | Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [133,152] | |
| Acacia tortilis | antidiabetic | [153] | ||
| Acacia senegal | Sudan | antidiabetic | [154] | |
| Acacia ferruginea | antidiabetic | [155] | ||
| Acacia nilotica | antidiabetic | [156] | ||
| Acacia modesta | India and Pakistan | antihyperglycemic | [157] | |
| Acacia arabica | India | hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic | [158] | |
| Acalypha | Acalypha indica | India | antidiabetic | [135,159] |
| Acalypha langiana | antidiabetic | [160] | ||
| Acalypha wilkesiana | Nigeria | antidiabetic | [161] | |
| Acanthopanax | Acanthopanax gracilistylus | Korea | antidiabetic | [162] |
| Acanthopanax koreanum | Korea | antidiabetic | [163] | |
| Acanthopanax senticosus | China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [164] | |
| Acanthopanax sessiliflorus | Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [165] | |
| Achillea | Achillea millefolium | India | antidiabetic | [151,166] |
| Achillea santolina | Iraq and Jordan | antidiabetic | [167,168] | |
| Alisma | Alisma orientale | China | antidiabetic | [169] |
| Alisma orientale | China | hypoglycemic | [170] | |
| Allium | Allium ampeloprasum | Iran | antidiabetic | [171] |
| Allium cepa | Mauritius, Algeria | antihyperglycemic | [172,173,174,175] | |
| Allium porrum | Turkey | hypoglycemic | [176] | |
| Allium sativum | India (Ayurveda), Indonesia, Iran, Cuba, Mauritius, Togo, China (TCM) | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase inhibitor, antihyperglycemic | [128,173,175,177,178,179,180,181] | |
| Allium stipitatum | Iran | hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [178] | |
| Aloe | Aloe ferox | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [182] |
| Aloe marlothii | South Africa | antidiabetic | [183] | |
| Aloe vera | India (Ayurveda), Ghana, Mauritius, Uganda, Tanzania, Traditional Chinese medicines, Trinidad and Tobago, Iran, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic | [52,61,63,128,138,181,184,185,186,187,188,189,190] | |
| Alpinia | Alpinia calcarata | India, Sri Lanka | antidiabetic | [191,192] |
| Alpinia galanga | India | antidiabetic | [193] | |
| Alpinia officinarum | China | hypoglycemic | [109] | |
| Amaranthus | Amaranthus cruentus | Kenya | antidiabetic | [194] |
| Amaranthus hybridus | Mauritius | antidiabetic | [186] | |
| Amaranthus spinosus | Taiwan | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [195,196] | |
| Angelica | Angelica hirsutiflora | Taiwan | antidiabetic | [197] |
| Angelica keiskei | Japan | antidiabetic | [198] | |
| Angelica sinensis | China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [199] | |
| Aralia | Aralia cachemirica | antidiabetic | [200] | |
| Aralia cortex | antidiabetic | [201] | ||
| Aralia elata | China, Korea, Japan | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [146,202] | |
| Aralia taibaiensis | China | α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor | [203,204] | |
| Artemisia | Artemisia absinthium | antidiabetic | [120,205] | |
| Artemisia afra | Africa | antidiabetic | [121] | |
| Artemisia campestris | Morocco | antidiabetic | [206] | |
| Artemisia capillaris | antidiabetic | [207] | ||
| Artemisia dracunculus | antidiabetic | [208] | ||
| Artemisia judaica | Jordan | antidiabetic | [209] | |
| Artemisia herba-alba | Iraq, Algeria, Jordan | hypoglycemic | [122,123,210] | |
| Artemisia ludoviciana | Mexico | hypoglycemic | [211] | |
| Artemisia pallens | antidiabetic | [212] | ||
| Artemisia parviflora | India | antidiabetic | [213] | |
| Artemisia princeps | Asia | antidiabetic | [214] | |
| Artemisia roxburghiana | antidiabetic | [215] | ||
| Artemisia sacrorum | China | antidiabetic | [216] | |
| Artocarpus | Artocarpus altilis | Indonesia, Trinidad and Tobago, Mauritius | antidiabetic | [186,189,217] |
| Artocarpus communis | Nigeria | antidiabetic | [218] | |
| Artocarpus heterophyllus | India (Ayurveda), Mauritius | hypoglycemic, α-amylase inhibitor | [186,219,220] | |
| Artocarpus mariannensis | Marshall Islands | antidiabetic | [221] | |
| Astragalus | Astragalus complanatus | China | antidiabetic | [221] |
| Astragalus membranaceus | China | antidiabetic | [222] | |
| Astragalus propinquus | China | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [223] | |
| Averrhoa | Averrhoa bilimbi | antidiabetic | [224] | |
| Averrhoa carambola | Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [116] | |
| Berberis | Berberis aristata | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [225,226] |
| Berberis asiatica | India | antidiabetic | [227] | |
| Berberis vulgaris | Iran, China | antidiabetic | [228,229] | |
| Brassica | Brassica juncea | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [172] |
| Brassica oleracea | antihyperglycemic | [175] | ||
| Brassica rapa | India | antidiabetic | [229] | |
| Buddleja | Buddleja asiatica | India | antidiabetic | [230] |
| Buddleja cordata | Mexico | antidiabetic | [231] | |
| Buddleja officinalis | Korea | antidiabetic | [232] | |
| Butea | Butea monosperma | India | antidiabetic | [151] |
| Butea frondosa | India | antidiabetic | [233] | |
| Caesalpinia | Caesalpinia bonducella | India | α-amylase inhibitor | [234] |
| Caesalpinia ferrea | Brazil | antidiabetic | [235] | |
| Calamus | Calamus tenuis | India | antidiabetic | [125] |
| Calamus erectus | India | antidiabetic | [236] | |
| Calotropis | Calotropis gigantea | Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [237] |
| Calotropis procera | antidiabetic | [238] | ||
| Capparis | Capparis aphylla | antihyperglycemic | [239] | |
| Capparis decidua | India, Pakistan | antidiabetic | [240,241] | |
| Capparis sepiaria | India | antidiabetic | [242] | |
| Capparis spinosa | India (Ayurveda and Unani) | antidiabetic | [243] | |
| Caralluma | Caralluma adscendens | India | antidiabetic | [244,245] |
| Caralluma umbellata | India | antihyperglycemic | [246] | |
| Carissa | Carissa carandas | India (Ayurveda, Unani, and Homoeopathy) | antidiabetic | [247] |
| Carissa spinarum | Kenya | antidiabetic | [248] | |
| Cassia | Cassia auriculata | India, Tanzania | antidiabetic | [249,250] |
| Cassia fistula | India | antidiabetic | [251] | |
| Cassia obtusifolia | China | antidiabetic | [252] | |
| Cassia sieberiana | Nigeria | antidiabetic | [253] | |
| Cassia spectabilis | Diabetes | antidiabetic | [254] | |
| Centaurea | Centaurea karduchorum | Turkey | antidiabetic | [255] |
| Centaurea repens | Persia | antidiabetic | [256] | |
| Centaurea virgata | Turkey | antidiabetic | [257] | |
| Cichorium | Cichorium pumilum | Jordan | antidiabetic | [258] |
| Cichorium intybus | Turkey | antidiabetic | [259] | |
| Cinnamomum | Cinnamomum burmannii | antidiabetic | [260] | |
| Cinnamomum cassia | India (Unani, Ayurveda) Japan, China, South Africa | antidiabetic | [261,262] | |
| Cinnamomum impressinervium | India | antidiabetic | [104] | |
| Cinnamomum iners | Malaysia | antidiabetic | [263] | |
| Cinnamomum japonicum | Korea | antidiabetic | [264] | |
| Cinnamomum obtusifolium | Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [133] | |
| Cinnamomum tamala | India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [113] | |
| Cinnamomum verum | India (Ayurveda) | α-amylase inhibitor | [128] | |
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum | α-glucosidase | [147,265] | ||
| Cistus | Cistus laurifolius | Turkey | antidiabetic | [266] |
| Cistus ladaniferus | Morocco | antidiabetic | [267] | |
| Cistus monspeliensis | Morocco | antidiabetic | [268] | |
| Cistus salviifolius | Morocco | antidiabetic | [268] | |
| Citrus | Citrus aurantium | antidiabetic | [269] | |
| Citrus grandis | China | antidiabetic | [270] | |
| Citrus paradisi | Nigeria, Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago | antidiabetic | [179,189,271] | |
| Citrus reticulata | China | antidiabetic | [199] | |
| Citrus sinensis | India | antidiabetic | [272] | |
| Clerodendrum | Clerodendrum glandulosum | India | antidiabetic | [273] |
| Clerodendrum colebrookianum | India | antidiabetic | [230] | |
| Clerodendrum capitatum | Africa | antidiabetic | [274] | |
| Clerodendrum inerme | antidiabetic | [275] | ||
| Clerodendrum infortunatum | India | antidiabetic | [276] | |
| Clerodendrum phlomidis | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [277] | |
| Coccinia | Coccinia cordifolia | India | antidiabetic | [278] |
| Coccinia grandis | India (Ayurveda), Sri Lanka | antihyperglycemic, α-glucosidase inhibitor, α-amylase inhibitor | [128,279,280,281] | |
| Coccinia indica | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [113,172] | |
| Coptis | Coptis chinensis | China | antidiabetic | [282] |
| Coptis deltoidea | China | antidiabetic | [282] | |
| Coptis japonica | China | antidiabetic | [282] | |
| Cordyceps | Cordyceps sinensis | China | antidiabetic | [283] |
| Cordyceps militaris | antidiabetic | [284] | ||
| Cornus | Cornus officinalis | China | antidiabetic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [285,286] |
| Cornus kousa | China | antidiabetic | [287] | |
| Cornus mas | China | antidiabetic | [288] | |
| Cornus nuttallii | Canada | antidiabetic | [289] | |
| Cornus stolonifera | Canada | antidiabetic | [290] | |
| Costus | Costus igneus | India | antidiabetic | [291] |
| Costus pictus | India | antidiabetic | [141] | |
| Costus speciosus | Sri Lanka | antidiabetic | [279] | |
| Croton | Croton cajucara | antidiabetic | [292] | |
| Croton celtidifolius | Brazil | antidiabetic | [293] | |
| Croton guatemalensis | Guatemala | antidiabetic | [124] | |
| Croton klozchianus | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [294] | |
| Croton zambesicus | antidiabetic | [295] | ||
| Cucumis | Cucumis callosus | India | antidiabetic | [296] |
| Cucumis sativus | Malaysia | antidiabetic | [297] | |
| Cucurbita | Cucurbita ficifolia | Iran, Mexico | hypoglycemic | [175,298,299,300] |
| Cucurbita pepo | South Africa | antidiabetic | [262] | |
| Curculigo | Curculigo latifolia | antidiabetic | [301] | |
| Curculigo orchioides | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [302] | |
| Curculigo recurvata | Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [133] | |
| Curcuma | Curcuma angustifolia | India | antidiabetic | [303] |
| Curcuma domestica | India | antidiabetic | [151] | |
| Curcuma longa | China, Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda), Indonesia, Laos | antidiabetic | [177,181,226,304,305,306] | |
| Curcuma xanthorrhiza | Bangladesh, Indonesia, Laos | antidiabetic | [306,307,308] | |
| Cuscuta | Cuscuta reflexa | India, Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [125,126] |
| Cuscuta chinensis | China | antidiabetic | [309] | |
| Cuscuta americana | Trinidad and Tobago | antidiabetic | [189] | |
| Cynomorium | Cynomorium coccineum | Saudi Arabia, China, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Iran | antidiabetic | [310] |
| Cynomorium songaricum | Saudi Arabia, China, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Iran | antidiabetic | [310] | |
| Cyperus | Cyperus kyllinga | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [311] |
| Cyperus laevigatus | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [312] | |
| Cyperus rotundus | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [313] | |
| Delonix | Delonix regia | Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [314] |
| Delonix elata | antidiabetic | [315] | ||
| Dendrobium | Dendrobium nobile | Korea | antidiabetic | [316] |
| Dendrobium loddigesii | China | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [317] | |
| Desmodium | Desmodium gangeticum | India (Ayurveda), Sri Lanka | antidiabetic | [279,318] |
| Desmodium gyrans | China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [319] | |
| Desmodium styracifolium | China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [319] | |
| Dioscorea | Dioscorea alata | antidiabetic | [320] | |
| Dioscorea bulbifera | α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [321] | ||
| Dioscorea japonica | Korea | antidiabetic | [322] | |
| Dioscorea nipponica | Korea | antidiabetic | [323] | |
| Dioscorea opposita | China, India (Ayurveda), China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [181,226,324] | |
| Diospyros | Diospyros canaliculata | Cameroon | antidiabetic | [325] |
| Diospyros crassiflora | Cameroon | antidiabetic | [325] | |
| Diospyros lotus | antidiabetic | [326] | ||
| Diospyros melanoxylon | India, Sri Lanka | antidiabetic | [327] | |
| Diospyros peregrina | India | antidiabetic | [328] | |
| Elephantopus | Elephantopus scaber | India | antidiabetic | [329] |
| Elephantopus mollis | antidiabetic | [330] | ||
| Embelia | Embelia madagascariensis | hypoglycemic | [331] | |
| Embelia ribes | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [332] | |
| Enicostema | Enicostema axillare | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [333] |
| Enicostema littorae | antidiabetic | [334] | ||
| Erica | Erica arborea | Turkey | antidiabetic | [335] |
| Erica bocquetii | Turkey | antidiabetic | [335] | |
| Erica sicula | Turkey | antidiabetic | [335] | |
| Erythrina | Erythrina indica | India | antidiabetic | [336] |
| Erythrina variegeta | India | antidiabetic | [315] | |
| Eucalyptus | Eucalyptus globulus | Iran | antihyperglycemic | [337,338] |
| Eucalyptus torreliana | Nigeria | antihyperglycemic | [339,340] | |
| Eugenia | Eugenia cumini | α-amylase inhibitor | [127] | |
| Eugenia jambolana | India (Ayurveda) | α-amylase inhibitor | [172,341] | |
| Eugenia polyantha | India, Indonesia | antidiabetic | [96,144] | |
| Eugenia uniflora | Paraguay | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [342] | |
| Euonymus | Euonymus laxiflorus | Vietnam | antidiabetic | [343] |
| Euonymus alatus | China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [344] | |
| Euphorbia | Euphorbia caducifolia | India | antidiabetic | [132] |
| Euphorbia dioeca | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [345] | ||
| Euphorbia drumondii | India (Ayurveda) | hyperglycemic | [136,346] | |
| Euphorbia hirta | India, Bangladesh, Nepal | α-glucosidase | [93,133,150,347] | |
| Euphorbia humifusa | Mongolia | antidiabetic | [60] | |
| Euphorbia kansui | antidiabetic | [134] | ||
| Euphorbia ligularia | India | antidiabetic | [104] | |
| Euphorbia neriifolia | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [131] | |
| Euphorbia prostrata | antihyperglycemic | [348] | ||
| Euphorbia thymifolia | Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [116] | |
| Ferula | Ferula assa-foetida | India (Ayurveda), Iran, Afghanistan | antidiabetic | [349,350] |
| Ferula feruloides | Mongolia | antidiabetic | [60] | |
| Ferula hermonis | Lebanon, Syria | antidiabetic | [351] | |
| Ferula persica | Jordan | hypoglycemic | [352] | |
| Ficus | Ficus amplissima | India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani) | antidiabetic | [353] |
| Ficus benghalensis | India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, homoeopathy), Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [114,354,355,356] | |
| Ficus carica | India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, homoeopathy) | antidiabetic | [357,358] | |
| Ficus cunia | India | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [359] | |
| Ficus deltoidea | Malaysia, Southeast Asia | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [360,361,362] | |
| Ficus elastica | Philippines | antidiabetic | [62] | |
| Ficus exasperata | Nigeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone | antidiabetic | [253,363] | |
| Ficus glomerata | India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, homoeopathy) | antidiabetic | [113,364] | |
| Ficus glumosa | Nigeria, Cameroon | hypoglycemic | [365,366,367] | |
| Ficus hispida | Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [116,368] | |
| Ficus lutea | Africa | antidiabetic | [119] | |
| Ficus microcarpa | in south Asia | antidiabetic | [369,370] | |
| Ficus palmata | antidiabetic | [371] | ||
| Ficus racemosa | India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, homoeopathy), Bangladesh, Southeast Asia | antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor | [83,356,372,373,374,375,376] | |
| Ficus religiosa | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [354,377] | |
| Ficus sansibarica | Africa | antidiabetic | [378] | |
| Ficus thonningii | Africa | antidiabetic | [363] | |
| Ficus virens | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [379] | |
| Gardenia | Gardenia gasminoides | China | antidiabetic | [380] |
| Gardenia ternifolia | Togo | antidiabetic | [180] | |
| Gentiana | Gentiana crassicaulis | antidiabetic | [366] | |
| Gentiana scabra | Korea | antidiabetic | [381] | |
| Geranium | Geranium dielsianum | antidiabetic | [382] | |
| Geranium graveolens | Jordan | antidiabetic | [383] | |
| Glycyrrhiza | Glycyrrhiza glabra | China, India | antidiabetic | [181,384] |
| Glycyrrhiza uralensis | India | antidiabetic | [385] | |
| Grewia | Grewia asiatica | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [386] |
| Grewia hirsuta | India | antidiabetic | [387] | |
| Grewia nervosa | antidiabetic | [388] | ||
| Gynura | Gynura divaricata | China | antidiabetic | [389] |
| Gynura formosana | China | antidiabetic | [390] | |
| Gynura procumbens | Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Southeast Asia, Korea | antidiabetic | [391,392,393,394] | |
| Gynura segetum | antidiabetic | [395] | ||
| Hedysarum | Hedysarum limprichtii | China | antidiabetic | [396] |
| Hedysarum polybotrys | China | antidiabetic | [396] | |
| Hedysarum smithianum | China | antidiabetic | [396] | |
| Hedysarum vicioider | China | antidiabetic | [396] | |
| Helichrysum | Helichrysum caespititium | South Africa | antidiabetic | [183] |
| Helichrysum graveolens | Turkey | α-amylase inhibitor | [142] | |
| Helichrysum italicum | Europe | antidiabetic | [397] | |
| Helicteres | Helicteres hirsuta | Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [398] |
| Helicteres isora | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [399] | |
| Holarrhena | Holarrhena antidysenterica | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [400] |
| Holarrhena floribunda | Nigeria | α-amylase inhibitor | [401] | |
| Hydnocarpus | Hydnocarpus alpina | hypoglycemic | [402] | |
| Hydnocarpus wightiana | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [403] | |
| Juniperus | Juniperus oxycedrus | Turkey | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic activity | [142,404] |
| Juniperus communis | Turkey | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [142] | |
| Justicia | Justicia adhatoda | Pakistan | antidiabetic | [405] |
| Justicia gendarussa | antidiabetic | [406] | ||
| Justicia secunda | antidiabetic | [407] | ||
| Justicia spicigera | antidiabetic | [408] | ||
| Leucas | Leucas aspera | India, Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [193,409] |
| Leucas cephalotes | India (Ayurveda), Nepal, Pakistan | antidiabetic | [410] | |
| Liriope | Liriope platyphylla | China | antidiabetic | [411] |
| Liriope spicata | China | antidiabetic | [412] | |
| Lonicera | Lonicera caerulea | northern Russia, China, Japan | antidiabetic | [413] |
| Lonicera japonica | China | antidiabetic | [414] | |
| Luffa | Luffa acutangula | antidiabetic | [415] | |
| Luffa cylindrica | antidiabetic | [416] | ||
| Luffa echinata | India | antidiabetic | [417] | |
| Lycium | Lycium barbarum | China | antidiabetic | [181,418] |
| Lycium chinense | China | antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic | [418,419,420] | |
| Lycium ruthenicum | China | antidiabetic | [421] | |
| Mangifera | Mangifera indica | India (Ayurveda), Nigeria | α-amylase inhibitor, antihyperglycemic | [128,422] |
| Mangifera mekongensis | Vietnam | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [423] | |
| Marrubium | Marrubium alysson | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [424] | |
| Marrubium deserti | Tunisia | antidiabetic | [425] | |
| Marrubium radiatum | Lebanon | α-amylase inhibitor | [137] | |
| Marrubium vulgare | Mexico, Jordan, Algeria | antidiabetic | [231,426,427] | |
| Melia | Melia azadirachta | Mexico | antidiabetic | [231] |
| Melia dubia | India | antidiabetic | [428] | |
| Melia orientalis | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [429] | |
| Mentha | Mentha arvensis | India | antidiabetic | [151] |
| Mentha longifolia | India | antidiabetic | [151] | |
| Mentha piperita | antidiabetic | [430] | ||
| Mimosa | Mimosa invisa | Nigeria | hypoglycemic | [431] |
| Mimosa pigra | Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [432] | |
| Mimosa pudica | Sri Lanka, Thailand | hypoglycemic | [279,433] | |
| Mimusops | Mimusops elengi | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [434] |
| Mimusops zeyheri | South Africa | antidiabetic | [183] | |
| Momordica | Momordica balsamina | South Africa | antidiabetic | [183] |
| Momordica charantia | Philippines, Vietnam, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, India (Ayurveda), Nigeria, Bangladesh, Taiwan, central America | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | [61,85,113,129,186,189,435,436,437,438,439] | |
| Momordica cymbalaria | antidiabetic | [440] | ||
| Momordica foetida | South Africa | antidiabetic | [441] | |
| Momordica grosvenori | China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [442] | |
| Moringa | Moringa oleifera | South Africa, Kenya, Mexico, India (Ayurveda), Nigeria, Mauritius, Senegal | hypoglycemic | [113,183,194,231,443,444,445] |
| Moringa peregrina | antidiabetic | [446] | ||
| Moringa stenopetala | Ethiopia | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [139,444] | |
| Morus | Morus alba | Iran, Philippines, Trinidad and Tobago, India (Ayurveda), China (TCM), Pakistan, Korea, Chile | antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition | [53,62,189,447,448,449,450,451,452,453] |
| Morus nigra | Iran, Jordon | antidiabetic | [53,57] | |
| Mucuna | Mucuna gigantea | India | antidiabetic | [454] |
| Mucuna pruriens | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [172] | |
| Murraya | Murraya koenigii | India (Ayurveda) | α amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic effects, antihyperglycemic | [455,456,457,458,459] |
| Murraya panicutata | Nigeria | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [339] | |
| Musa | Musa acuminata | antidiabetic | [460] | |
| Musa paradisiaca | antidiabetic | [460] | ||
| Musa Sapientum | India | antihyperglycemic | [348,461] | |
| Nymphaea | Nymphaea nouchali | Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [133,462] |
| Nymphaea stellata | India (Ayurveda) | α-glucosidase inhibitor, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | [463,464,465] | |
| Ocimum | Ocimum campechianum | Trinidad and Tobago | antidiabetic | [189] |
| Ocimum canum | Ghana | lowers blood glucose | [466,467] | |
| Ocimum gratissimum | Bangladesh, Nigeria | hypoglycemic | [133,436,468] | |
| Ocimum sanctum | India (Ayurveda), China, Bangladesh | hypoglycemic | [469,470,471,472] | |
| Ocimum tenuiflorum | India (Ayurveda) | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | [128,473] | |
| Oplopanax | Oplopanax elatus | China, Russia, and Korea | antidiabetic | [474] |
| Oplopanax horridus | antidiabetic | [475] | ||
| Origanum | Origanum onites | Turkey | antidiabetic | [476] |
| Origanum vulgare | antidiabetic | [477] | ||
| Orthosiphon | Orthosiphon aristatus | antidiabetic | [478,479] | |
| Orthosiphon stamineus | Indonesia and Malaysia | antidiabetic | [480] | |
| Otostegia | Otostegia persica | Iran | antidiabetic | [481] |
| Otostegia integrifolia | antidiabetic | [482] | ||
| Oxalis | Oxalis corniculata | India | antidiabetic | [151] |
| Oxalis griffithii | India | antidiabetic | [125] | |
| Paederia | Paederia foetida | China, Vietnam, India Japan | antidiabetic | [483] |
| Paederia scandens | China, Vietnam, India, Japan | antidiabetic | [483] | |
| Paeonia | Paeonia lactiflora | Korea, China, Japan | hypoglycemic | [484] |
| Paeonia suffruticosa | China, Korea, Japan | antidiabetic | [471,485] | |
| Pandanus | Pandanus amaryllifolius | antihyperglycemic | [486] | |
| Pandanus fascicularis | India (Ayurveda) | antihyperglycemic | [487] | |
| Pandanus tectorius | antidiabetic | [488] | ||
| Panax | Panax ginseng | Korea | antidiabetic | [489] |
| Panax notoginseng | China | antihyperglycemic | [490,491] | |
| Panax quinquefolius | antidiabetic | [492] | ||
| Phaleria | Phaleria cumingii | antidiabetic | [493] | |
| Phaleria macrocarpa | Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [494,495,496,497] | |
| Phaleria nishidae | antidiabetic | [498] | ||
| Phyllanthus | Phyllanthus amarus | Vietnam, India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and homeopathy), Nigeria, Malaysia | α-glucosidase inhibitor, hypoglycemic, α-amylase inhibitor | [83,499,500,501,502] |
| Phyllanthus emblica | Thailand, Southeast Asia, India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [75,356,503] | |
| Phyllanthus engleri | Tanzania | antidiabetic | [504] | |
| Phyllanthus fraternus | antidiabetic | [505] | ||
| Phyllanthus gardnerianus | India | antidiabetic | [506] | |
| Phyllanthus niruri | hypoglycemic | [507,508] | ||
| Phyllanthus urinaria | Vietnam | α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor | [83] | |
| phyllanthus virgatus | α-amylase inhibitor | [509] | ||
| Phyllanthus watsonii | antidiabetic | [510] | ||
| Physalis | Physalis angulata | India | antidiabetic | [511] |
| Physalis minima | India | antidiabetic | [193] | |
| Physalis peruviana | India | antidiabetic | [248] | |
| Piper | Piper angustifolium | Latin America | antidiabetic | [512] |
| Piper betle | Asia | hypoglycemic | [513,514,515] | |
| Piper crocatum | antihyperglycemic | [516] | ||
| Piper cubeba | α-amylase and α-glucosidase | [517] | ||
| Piper guineense | Nigeria | α-amylase inhibitor | [401] | |
| Piper longum | Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda) | antihyperglycemic | [305,518,519] | |
| Piper nigrum | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic | [128,226,520] | ||
| Piper sarmentosum | South East Asia | antidiabetic | [521,522] | |
| Pistacia | Pistacia atlantica | Jordan | hypoglycemic | [168,352] |
| Pistacia integerrima | antidiabetic | [523] | ||
| Plantago | Plantago asiatica | antidiabetic | [524] | |
| Plantago lanceolata | Turkey | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor | [525] | |
| Plantago ovata | India | antidiabetic | [341] | |
| Plumeria | Plumeria alba | Togo | antidiabetic | [526] |
| Plumeria obtusa | South Africa | antidiabetic | [183] | |
| Plumeria rubra | India | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor | [517,527] | |
| Polygonum | Polygonum cuspidatum | Japan, Korea, China | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [528,529] |
| Polygonum hydropiper | India | antidiabetic | [230] | |
| Polygonum multiflorum | China, Asia, Europe, Africa | hypoglycemic | [530,531,532] | |
| Polygonum senegalensis | antidiabetic | [533] | ||
| Psidium | Psidium cattleianum | east Asia | antidiabetic | [534] |
| Psidium guajava | Mauritius, Togo, Sri Lanka, central America, Japan, China (TCM), Papua New Guinea | antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic | [173,180,279,438,535,536,537] | |
| Pterocarpus | Pterocarpus santalinus | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [538] |
| Pterocarpus marsupium | India | antidiabetic | [539] | |
| Pterocarpus soyauxii | antidiabetic | [540] | ||
| Prunus | Prunus persica | India | antidiabetic | [541] |
| Prunus capuli | Peru | antidiabetic | [542] | |
| Prunus emarginata | Canada | antidiabetic | [289] | |
| Prunus mume | China | antidiabetic | [543] | |
| Pueraria | Pueraria lobata | Korea, China (TCM) | antidiabetic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [544,545,546,547] |
| Pueraria thomsonii | antidiabetic | [548] | ||
| Pueraria thunbergiana | Korea | antidiabetic | [549] | |
| Rheum | Rheum emodi | India (Ayurveda), China | antidiabetic | [550] |
| Rheum officinale | China | antidiabetic | [551] | |
| Rheum palmatum | China | antidiabetic | [552] | |
| Rheum ribes | Iran, Jordon | hypoglycemic | [52,553,554] | |
| Rheum tanguticum | China | antidiabetic | [552] | |
| Rheum turkestanicum | Iran | antidiabetic | [555] | |
| Rheum undulatum | Korea | antidiabetic | [556] | |
| Rhododendron | Rhododendron brachycarpum | Korea | antidiabetic | [557,558] |
| Rhododendron groenlandicum | antidiabetic | [559] | ||
| Rhododendron tomentosum | Canada | antidiabetic | [560] | |
| Rhus | Rhus coriaria | Iran | antidiabetic | [561] |
| Rhus chinensis | antidiabetic | [562] | ||
| Rhus hirta | antidiabetic | [290] | ||
| Rhus mysorensis | antidiabetic | [563] | ||
| Rhus verniciflua | Korea | antidiabetic | [564] | |
| Rhus virens | Mexico | antidiabetic | [231] | |
| Rosa | Rosa canina | Iran, Turkey | antidiabetic | [565,566] |
| Rosa rugosa | Korea, China | hypoglycemic | [109,567,568] | |
| Salacia | Salacia chinensis | India (Ayurveda, Unani), Japan, Korea | hypoglycemic, antihyperglycaemic | [569,570,571] |
| Salacia oblonga | India (Ayurveda, Unani), Japan, Korea | hypoglycemic | [569,570,572] | |
| Salacia prinoides | India (Ayurveda), Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [573] | |
| Salacia reticulata | India (Ayurveda, Unani), Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka | hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [569,570,574,575] | |
| Salvia | Salvia acetabulosa | Lebanon | α-amylase inhibitor | [137] |
| Salvia hispanica | Central and South America | antidiabetic | [576] | |
| Salvia hypoleuca | Iran | antidiabetic | [577] | |
| Salvia officinalis | Iran | hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [178] | |
| Salvia libanotica | antidiabetic | [578] | ||
| Salvia limbata | Turkey | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor | [525] | |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza | China | antidiabetic | [181,579] | |
| Sida | Sida acuta | India | antidiabetic | [580] |
| Sida cordifolia | Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [471,581] | |
| Sida rhombifolia | antidiabetic | [582] | ||
| Smilax | Smilax china | Korea | antidiabetic | [583] |
| Smilax glabra | China | antidiabetic | [584] | |
| Smilax officinalis | Latin America | antidiabetic | [512] | |
| Smilax perfoliata | Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [585] | |
| Solanum | Solanum americanum | Guatemala | antidiabetic | [124] |
| Solanum indicum | Uganda, India | antidiabetic | [104,187] | |
| Solanum lycocarpum | Brazil | antidiabetic | [586] | |
| Solanum muricatum | antidiabetic | [587] | ||
| Solanum nigrum | Asia | hypoglycemic | [588,589] | |
| Solanum torvum | antihyperglycemic | [590] | ||
| Solanum trilobatum | India (Ayurveda, Siddha) | antidiabetic | [118] | |
| Solanum tuberosum | antidiabetic | [591] | ||
| Solanum viarum | India | antidiabetic | [125] | |
| Solanum virginianum | Pakistan | antidiabetic | [592] | |
| Solanum xanthocarpum | hypoglycemic | [593] | ||
| Spondias | Spondias mombin | Nigeria | α-amylase inhibition, hypoglycemic | [594] |
| Spondias pinnata | Indonesia, Sri Lanka | antihyperglycemic | [595,596] | |
| Stereospermum | Stereospermum colais | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [597] | |
| Stereospermum suaveolens | India | antidiabetic | [598] | |
| Swertia | Swertia chirata | Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [126] |
| Swertia chirayita | India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [113,599] | |
| Swertia cordata | antidiabetic | [600] | ||
| Swertia longifolia | α-amylase inhibitor | [601] | ||
| Swertia macrosperma | Tibet, China | antidiabetic | [602] | |
| Swertia mussotii | China | α-glycosidase inhibitor | [603] | |
| Syzygium | Syzygium alternifolium | antidiabetic | [604] | |
| Syzygium aromaticum | antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic | [605] | ||
| Syzygium cumini | Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda), Brazil | α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor, antihyperglycemic | [83,172,220,376,606,607,608] | |
| Syzygium densiflorum | India | antidiabetic | [609] | |
| Syzygium jambolanum | India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [610,611] | |
| Syzygium jambosa | Puerto Rico | hypoglycemic | [612] | |
| Syzygium samarangense | Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [116] | |
| Tabernaemontana | Tabernaemontana corymbosa | Malaysia | antidiabetic | [613] |
| Tabernaemontana divaricata | India | antidiabetic | [104] | |
| Tabernaemontana heyneana | antidiabetic | [614] | ||
| Taxus | Taxus baccata | India | antidiabetic | [151] |
| Taxus yunnanensis | China | antidiabetic | [615] | |
| Terminalia | Terminalia alata | Vietnam | antidiabetic | [616] |
| Terminalia arjuna | Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda) | α-amylase inhibitor, antihyperglycemic | [126,127,617,618] | |
| Terminalia bellirica | Bangladesh, Vietnam, India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani), Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [133,616,619,620] | |
| Terminalia catappa | antidiabetic | [621] | ||
| Terminalia chebula | Thailand, India (Ayurveda), Bangladesh, Iran | α-amylase inhibitor | [75,128,130,622,623] | |
| Terminalia citrina | Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [133] | |
| Terminalia corticosa | Vietnam | antidiabetic | [616] | |
| Terminalia glaucescens | Cameroon | antidiabetic | [624] | |
| Terminalia macroptera | Africa | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [625] | |
| Terminalia sericea | antidiabetic | [626] | ||
| Terminalia superba | antidiabetic | [627] | ||
| Teucrium | Teucrium oliverianum | antidiabetic | [628] | |
| Teucrium polium | Jordan, Iran | hypoglycemic | [553,629,630] | |
| Thymus | Thymus caramanicus | Iran | antidiabetic | [631] |
| Thymus satureioides | Morocco | antidiabetic | [632] | |
| Tinospora | Tinospora cordifolia | Southeast Asia, India (Ayurveda), Thailand, Malaysia, Guyana, Bangladesh | α-amylase inhibitors, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | [113,128,135,356,619,633,634,635] |
| Tinospora crispa | Malaysia, Thailand, Malaysia, Guyana, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia | hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | [613,635,636,637,638,639,640] | |
| Tinospora malabarica | antidiabetic | [641] | ||
| Tinospora sinensis | Nepal, India | antidiabetic | [150,642] | |
| Tinospora bakis | Sudan | antidiabetic | [643] | |
| Trichosanthes | Trichosanthes cucumerina | India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [113] |
| Trichosanthes dioica | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [644] | |
| Trichosanthes kirilowii | China (TCM) | hypoglycemic, α-amylase inhibitor | [645,646] | |
| Trichosanthes tricuspidata | hyperglycemic | [647] | ||
| Urtica | Urtica angustifolia | hypoglycemic | [648] | |
| Urtica dioica | Kenya, Iran, Turkey | α-amylase inhibitor | [248,649,650,651] | |
| Urtica urens | antidiabetic | [652] | ||
| Vaccinium | Vaccinium angustifolium | antidiabetic | [653] | |
| Vaccinium arctostaphylos | Iran | α-amylase inhibitor | [654] | |
| Vaccinium bracteatum | China | antidiabetic | [655] | |
| Vaccinium myrtillus | antidiabetic | [656] | ||
| Vaccinium ovalifolium | antidiabetic | [657] | ||
| Vaccinium uliginosum | antidiabetic | [657] | ||
| Vaccinium vitis | antidiabetic | [658] | ||
| Withania | Withania coagulans | India (Ayurveda), Pakistan | antihyperglycemic | [659,660,661] |
| Withania somnifera | India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [96,662] | |
| Zanthoxylum | Zanthoxylum alatum | antidiabetic | [663] | |
| Zanthoxylum armatum | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [251] | |
| Zanthoxylum capense | South African | antidiabetic | [664] | |
| Zanthoxylum chalybeum | Tanzania | antidiabetic | [188] | |
| Zanthoxylum humile | India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [665] | |
| Zingiber | Zingiber officinale | India (Ayurveda), Latin America Africa | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic | [113,128,512,666] |
| Zingiber striolatum | China (TCM) | hypoglycemic | [667] | |
| Ziziphus | Ziziphus amole | antidiabetic | [668] | |
| Ziziphus jujuba | Turkey | α glucosidase inhibitor | [76,669] | |
| Ziziphus lotus | Algeria | antidiabetic | [670] | |
| Ziziphus mauritiana | Southeast Asia, Mali | antidiabetic | [356,671] | |
| Ziziphus mucronata | Nigeria | antidiabetic | [672] | |
| Ziziphus nummularia | India | antidiabetic | [132] | |
| Ziziphus oxyphylla | Pakistan | antidiabetic | [673] | |
| Ziziphus spina-christi | Egypt | hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic | [674] | |
| Ziziphus xylopyrus | India (Ayurveda), Pakistan, China | antidiabetic | [675] |
TCM Traditional Chinese Medicine.