Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate regression analysis models of factors influencing the complementary feeding start before 4 months.
| Variable | Poland (n = 4065) |
Austria (n = 1750) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR 1 (95% CI 2) | aOR 3 (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
| SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Maternal age: | ||||
| <25 years | 2.41 (1.15–5.05) * | 1.17 (0.37–3.73) | 2.24 (0.82–6.14) | 2.49 (0.76–8.11) | |
| 25–29 years | 1.29 (0.81–2.05) | 1.64 (0.90–2.98) | 1.94 (1.07–3.54) * | 2.21 (1.06–4.65) * | |
| 30–34 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 35–39 years | 1.26 (0.68–2.34) | 1.33 (0.62–2.89) | 1.87 (1.02–3.45) * | 1.76 (0.83–3.71) | |
| ≥40 years | 1.62 (0.38–6.88) | 1.37 (0.22–8.32) | 1.23 (0.36–4.23) | 0.65 (0.14–2.92) | |
| Maternal education: | |||||
| primary and vocational | 8.93 (3.62–22.02) *** | 14.49 (3.73–56.35) *** | 1.62 (0.99–2.67) | 2.13 (1.10–4.11) * | |
| high school | 1.98 (1.18–3.30) ** | 2.20 (1.06–4.60) * | 2.84 (1.16–6.93) * | 3.35 (1.09–10.28) * | |
| university | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Number of children in household: | |||||
| 1 | 1.16 (0.73–1.86) | 0.93 (0.52–1.69) | 1.45 (0.86–2.46) | 0.79 (0.42–1.51) | |
| 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| ≥3 | 1.61 (0.65–3.99) | 1.53 (0.43–5.50) | 1.40 (0.68–2.86) | 1.07 (0.46–2.49) | |
| Living area: | |||||
| rural | 1.00 (0.59–1.70) | 0.59 (0.30–1.15) | 1.31 (0.71–1.81) | 1.41 (0.68–2.92) | |
| urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Living in macroeconomic region (GDP EU-28 average): | |||||
| 47–50% | 1.79 (1.01–3.17) * | 1.69 (0.77–3.67) | - | - | |
| 51–100% | 0.76 (0.46–1.24) | 0.84 (0.45–1.56) | 1.34 (0.51–3.55) | 1.36 (0.43–4.23) | |
| 101–110% | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 111–130% | - | - | 1.05 (0.58–1.90) | 0.89 (0.44–1.81) | |
| 131–150% | - | - | 0.85 (0.35–2.07) | 0.94 (0.32–2.79) | |
| >150% | - | - | 1.58 (0.86–2.93) | 2.52 (1.02–6.26) * | |
| Average monthly income per capita 4: | |||||
| 1st category | 1.42 (0.32–6.31) | 0.70 (0.10–4.80) | 1.37 (0.55–3.41) | 1.01 (0.34–3.03) | |
| 2nd category | 1.58 (0.83–3.00) | 1.08 (0.44–2.64) | 1.45 (0.73–2.89) | 1.09 (0.47–2.51) | |
| 3rd category | 0.71 (0.38–1.35) | 0.55 (0.25–1.19) | 1.11 (0.57–2.15) | 1.02 (0.46–2.28) | |
| 4th category | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5th categery | 0.58 (0.24–1.40) | 0.16–1.24) | 1.92 (0.89–4.15) | 2.28 (0.91–5.72) | |
| 6th category | 1.23 (0.69–2.36) | 1150.53–2.50) | 1.51 (0.33–6.81) | 1.01 (0.14–7.08) | |
| PREGNANCY-RELATED FACTORS | Pregnancy duration: | ||||
| preterm | 8.11 (4.86–13.55) *** | 10.21 (5.73–18.20) *** | 3.59 (2.14–6.05) *** | 4.45 (2.42–8.18) *** | |
| term | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Birthweight to gestational age categories: | |||||
| SGA 5 | 2.00 (0.90–4.42) | 1.33 (0.46–3.84) | 1.98 (0.96–4.12) | 1.30 (0.55–3.10) | |
| AGA 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| LGA 7 | 1.46 (0.91–2.34) | 1.74 (0.97–3.13) | 1.20 (0.62–2.33) | 1.59 (0.71–3.53) | |
| FEEDING-RELATED FACTORS | Any breastfeeding: | ||||
| no | 5.66 (3.45–9.30) *** | 2.73 (1.29–5.76) ** | 1.66 (0.84–3.30) | 1.49 (1.20–2.21) | |
| yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Infant formula use at maternity ward: | |||||
| no | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| otherwise | 1.72 (1.11–2.68) * | 0.61 (0.33 – 1.21) | 2.86 (1.77–4.60) *** | 1.24 (0.64–2.41) | |
| Infant formula use after discharge: | |||||
| no | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| yes | 4.16 (2.73–6.34) *** | 3.73 (2.06 – 6.75) *** | 3.67(2.28–5.89) *** | 3.65 (1.87–7.12) *** | |
1 OR—univariate model; 2 CI—confidence intervals; 3 aOR—multivariate model; 4 Average monthly income per capita categories depends on country: 1st category <500 PLN (Poland)/<1000 EUR (Austria); 2nd category 500–1000 PLN/1000–1500 EUR; 3rd category 1001–2000 PLN/1501–2000 EUR; 4th category 2001–2500 PLN/2001–3000 EUR; 5th category 2501–3000 PLN/3001–5000 EUR; 6th category ≥3001 PLN/≥5001 EUR; 5 SGA—small to gestational age; 6 AGA—appropriate to gestational age; 7 LGA—large to gestational age; * p-value ≤ 0.05; ** p-value ≤ 0.01; *** p-value ≤ 0.001.