Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate regression analysis models of factors influencing the complementary feeding introduction at the age of 4–6 months.
| Variable | Poland (n = 4065) |
Austria (n = 1750) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR 1 (95% CI 2) | aOR 3 (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
| SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Maternal age: | ||||
| <25 years | 1.75 (1.27–2.42) *** | 1.57 (1.10–2.25) * | 0.65 (0.39–1.08) | 0.60 (0.35–1.02) | |
| 25–29 years | 1.39 (1.20–1.61) *** | 1.34 (1.15–1.57) *** | 0.91 (0.69–1.20) | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | |
| 30–34 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 35–39 years | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 0.84 (0.63–1.10) | 0.85 (0.63–1.13) | |
| ≥40 years | 0.85 (0.51–1.41) | 0.82 (0.49–1.38) | 0.80 (0.48–1.33) | 0.88 (0.52–1.51) | |
| Maternal education: | |||||
| primary and vocational | 1.30 (0.66–2.55) | 0.98 (0.49–1.98) | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | |
| high school | 1.33 (1.08–1.62) ** | 1.19 (0.96–1.49) | 0.60 (0.35–1.02) | 0.60 (0.34–1.05) | |
| University | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Number of children in household: | |||||
| 1 | 1.02 (0.89–1.18) | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 1.02 (0.79–1.32) | |
| 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| ≥3 | 0.75 (0.54–1.03) | 0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 0.66 (0.48–0.91) * | 0.69 (0.49–0.96) * | |
| Living area: | |||||
| rural | 1.22 (1.03–1.45) * | 1.13 (0.95–1.35) | 1.23 (0.99–1.53) | 1.38 (1.06–1.80) * | |
| urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Living in macroeconomic region (GDP EU-28 average): | |||||
| 47–50% | 1.32 (1.06–1.64) * | 1.20 (0.96–1.52) | - | - | |
| 51–100% | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) | 0.91 (0.56–1.46) | 0.90 (0.55–1.47) | |
| 101–110% | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 111–130% | - | - | 1.20 (0.91–1.57) | 1.26 (0.95–1.67) | |
| 131–150% | - | - | 1.91 (1.24–2.96) ** | 2.17 (1.38–3.43) *** | |
| >150% | - | - | 0.90 (0.66–1.22) | 1.13 (0.79–1.61) | |
| Average monthly income per capita 4: | |||||
| 1st category | 1.34 (0.76–2.34) | 0.93 (0.52–1.67) | 0.88 (0.58–1.34) | 1.00 (0.65–1.56) | |
| 2nd category | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) | 0.85 (0.67–1.08) | 1.02 (0.74–1.40) | 1.08 (0.78–1.51) | |
| 3rd category | 1.08 (0.90–1.30) | 1.01 (0.83–1.22) | 1.08 (0.81–1.44) | 1.13 (0.84–1.53) | |
| 4th category | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5th category | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) | 1.08 (0.85–1.34) | 0.79 (0.54–1.16) | 0.89 (0.60–1.32) | |
| 6th category | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 0.94 (0.44–1.99) | 0.97 (0.45–2.10) | |
| PREGNANCY-RELATED FACTORS | Pregnancy duration: | ||||
| preterm | 1.45 (1.11–1.90) ** | 1.27 (0.96–1.68) | 0.34 (0.23–0.50) *** | 0.31 (0.21–0.47) *** | |
| term | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Birthweight to gestational age categories: | |||||
| SGA 5 | 1.41 (1.01–1.97) * | 1.37 (0.97–1.93) | 0.69 (0.46–1.04) | 0.82 (0.54–1.25) | |
| AGA 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| LGA 7 | 1.10 (0.94–1.30) | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 0.92 (0.67–1.27) | 0.96 (0.69–1.34) | |
| FEEDING-RELATED FACTORS | Any breastfeeding: | ||||
| no | 3.31 (2.31–4.74) *** | 1.78 (1.21–2.60) ** | 0.69 (0.48–1.00) * | 1.49 (1.31–1.77) ** | |
| yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Infant formula use at maternity ward: | |||||
| no | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| otherwise | 1.46 (1.28–1.66) *** | 1.16 (1.01–1.33) * | 1.07 (0.85–1.33) | 1.07 (0.80–1.43) | |
| Infant formula use after discharge: | |||||
| no | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| yes | 2.23 (1.93–2.58) *** | 1.91 (1.63–2.24) *** | 1.23 (0.97–1.56) | 1.61 (1.17–2.21) ** | |
1 OR—univariate model; 2 CI—confidence intervals; 3 aOR—multivariate model; 4 Average monthly income per capita categories depends on country: 1st category <500 PLN (Poland)/<1000 EUR (Austria); 2nd category 500–1000 PLN/1000–1500 EUR; 3rd category 1001–2000 PLN/1501–2000 EUR; 4th category 2001–2500 PLN/2001–3000 EUR; 5th category 2501–3000 PLN/3001–5000 EUR; 6th category ≥3001 PLN/≥5001 EUR; 5 SG—small to gestational age; 6 AGA—appropriate to gestational age; 7 LGA—large to gestational age; * p-value ≤ 0.05; ** p-value ≤ 0.01; *** p-value ≤ 0.001.