Table 5.
Univariate and multivariate regression analysis models of factors influencing the complementary feeding introduction after 6 completed months.
| Variable | Poland (n = 4065) |
Austria (n = 1750) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR 1 (95% CI 2) | aOR 3 (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
| SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Maternal age: | ||||
| <25 years | 0.49 (0.35–0.69) *** | 0.58 (0.40–0.85) ** | 1.34 (0.78–2.30) | 1.63 (0.92–2.88) | |
| 25–29 years | 0.70 (0.60–0.81) *** | 0.72 (0.61–0.84) *** | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | 1.01 (0.74–1.38) | |
| 30–34 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 35–39 years | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 0.99 (0.80–1.21) | 1.06 (0.79–1.43) | 1.11 (0.81–1.52) | |
| ≥40 years | 1.13 (0.68–1.88) | 1.31 (0.75–2.27) | 1.32 (0.78–2.23) | 1.39 (0.80–2.41) | |
| Maternal education: | |||||
| primary and vocational | 0.36 (0.16–0.83) * | 0.51 (0.21–1.21) | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) | |
| high school | 0.68 (0.56–0.84) *** | 0.77 (0.61–0.97) * | 1.31 (0.73–2.34) | 1.42 (0.76–2.63) | |
| University | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Number of children in household: | |||||
| 1 | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 1.14 (0.97–1.33) | 0.95 (0.73–1.23) | 1.01 (0.77–1.33) | |
| 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| ≥3 | 1.28 (0.93–1.76) | 1.11 (0.79–1.56) | 1.48 (1.05–2.08) * | 1.55 (1.09–2.21) * | |
| Living area: | |||||
| rural | 0.81 (0.69–0.97) * | 0.94 (0.78–1.13) | 0.77 (0.61–0.98) * | 0.66 (0.50–0.88) ** | |
| urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Living in macroeconomic region (GDP EU-28 average): | |||||
| 47–50% | 0.69 (0.55–0.86) ** | 0.78 (0.61–0.99) * | - | - | |
| 51–100% | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 1.10 (0.67–1.82) | 1.19 (0.71–2.00) | |
| 101–110% | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 111–130% | - | - | 0.81 (0.60–1.08) | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | |
| 131–150% | - | - | 0.49 (0.30–0.79) * | 0.42 (0.25–0.69) *** | |
| >150% | - | - | 1.00 (0.72–1.39) | 0.74 (0.51–1.09) | |
| Average monthly income per capita 4: | |||||
| 1st category | 0.71 (0.40–1.26) | 1.12 (0.61–2.08) | 1.07 (0.69–1.67) | 0.98 (0.61–1.56) | |
| 2nd category | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) | 1.16 (0.90–1.49) | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) | 0.89 (0.62–1.27) | |
| 3rd category | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | 0.91 (0.67–1.24) | 0.90 (0.66–1.24) | |
| 4th category | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5th category | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 1.10 (0.73–1.65) | 1.02 (0.66–1.56) | |
| 6th category | 0.97 (0.79–1.18) | 0.96 (0.78–1.20) | 0.97 (0.43–2.18) | 1.04 (0.45–2.41) | |
| PREGNANCY-RELATED FACTORS | Pregnancy duration: | ||||
| preterm | 0.02 (0.01–0.06) *** | 0.03 (0.01–0.07) *** | 0.25 (0.12–0.54) *** | 0.26 (0.12–0.57) *** | |
| term | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Birthweight to gestational age categories: | |||||
| SGA 5 | 0.64 (0.45–0.90) * | 0.65 (0.45–0.94) * | 1.24 (0.80–1.93) | 1.22 (0.76–1.93) | |
| AGA 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| LGA 7 | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.88 (0.74–1.05) | 1.05 (0.74–1.47) | 0.96 (0.67–1.37) | |
| FEEDING-RELATED FACTORS | Any breastfeeding: | ||||
| no | 0.12 (0.07–0.20) *** | 0.25 (0.15–0.44) *** | 0.36 (0.12–1.41) | 0.36 (0.15–0.65) *** | |
| yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Infant formula use at maternity ward: | |||||
| no | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| otherwise | 0.65 (0.57–0.74) *** | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 0.71 (0.55–0.90) | 0.89 (0.64–1.22) | |
| Infant formula use after discharge: | |||||
| no | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| yes | 0.36 (0.31–0.42) *** | 0.45 (0.38–0.54) *** | 0.53 (0.40–0.70) *** | 0.37 (0.25–0.55) *** | |
1 OR—univariate model; 2 CI—confidence intervals; 3 aOR—multivariate model; 4 Average monthly income per capita categories depends on country: 1st category <500 PLN (Poland)/<1000 EUR (Austria); 2nd category 500–1000 PLN/1000–1500 EUR; 3rd category 1001–2000 PLN/1501–2000 EUR; 4th category 2001–2500 PLN/2001–3000 EUR; 5th category 2501–3000 PLN/3001–5000 EUR; 6th category ≥3001 PLN/≥5001 EUR; 5 SG—small to gestational age; 6 AGA—appropriate to gestational age; 7 LGA—large to gestational age; * p-value ≤ 0.05; ** p-value ≤ 0.01; *** p-value ≤ 0.001.