Table 3.
Associations between individual demographic and household risk factors and the prevalence of asthma.
| Characteristics | Minimally Adjusted a
OR (95% CI) |
p-Value | Fully Adjusted b OR (95% CI) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant demographics | ||||
| Household Income c | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 0.53 | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) | 0.62 |
| Health insurance | ||||
| Public | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Private | 2.05 (1.15–3.65) | 0.02 | 1.68 (0.89–3.15) | 0.11 |
| None | 0.53 (0.18–1.59) | 0.26 | 0.49 (0.16–1.55) | 0.23 |
| Household environmental smoke | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 4.24 (1.37–13.07) | 0.01 | 4.00 (1.21–13.23) | 0.02 |
| Biological mother smoked while pregnant | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 1.66 (0.55–4.94) | 0.37 | 2.23 (0.59–8.30) | 0.23 |
| Biological mother has asthma | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 3.79 (1.94–7.39) | <0.001 | 2.92 (1.44–5.93) | 0.003 |
| Play sports at least twice a week | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 1.43 (0.85–2.42) | 0.17 | 1.62 (0.93–2.83) | 0.09 |
| Housing characteristics | ||||
| Housing type | ||||
| Home | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Apartment | 0.97 (0.56–1.68) | 0.97 | 1.00 (0.55–1.80) | 0.99 |
| Mobile home or trailer | 0.86 (0.35–2.10) | 0.74 | 1.73 (0.62–4.82) | 0.29 |
| Gas cooking stove | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 0.59 (0.31–1.12) | 0.11 | 0.65 (0.32–1.34) | 0.25 |
| Length of daily gas stove use | ||||
| Less than 30 min | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Less than 1 h | 1.45 (0.77–2.70) | 0.25 | 1.42 (0.74–2.75) | 0.29 |
| More than 1 h | 3.17 (1.31–7.65) | 0.01 | 2.58 (0.97–6.82) | 0.06 |
| Home heater | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 2.46 (1.06–5.68) | 0.04 | 2.08 (0.87–4.94) | 0.10 |
| Water damage in home | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 2.23 (1.00–4.98) | 0.05 | 1.73 (0.74–4.02) | 0.21 |
| Mold in home | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 1.37 (0.69–2.73) | 0.37 | 1.21 (0.59–2.48) | 0.60 |
| Musty odor in home | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 2.56 (0.85–7.74) | 0.10 | 2.14 (0.67–6.88) | 0.20 |
| Carpet in home | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 1.32 (0.78–2.25) | 0.30 | 1.53 (0.86–2.72) | 0.15 |
| Child has lived in same house for whole life | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 1.32 (0.77–2.30) | 0.31 | 1.29 (0.71–2.35) | 0.41 |
| Pet ownership | ||||
| None | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Furry pet | 0.48 (0.26–0.91) | 0.02 | 0.42 (0.21–0.82) | 0.01 |
| Other pets | 1.17 (0.48–2.83) | 0.74 | 0.87 (0.34–2.24) | 0.77 |
| Regular contact with farm animals | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 1.21 (0.57–2.57) | 0.62 | 1.52 (0.67–3.45) | 0.32 |
| Problem with rodents in the home | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 0.90 (0.36–2.20) | 0.81 | 0.84 (0.33–2.13) | 0.72 |
| Problem with insects in the home | ||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 1.19 (0.66–2.16) | 0.57 | 0.97 (0.51–1.82) | 0.92 |
a Minimally adjusted model includes age and sex as covariates. b Fully adjusted model includes age, sex, language, parental education, and school as covariates. c Modeled as a continuous variable.