Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Reference | Location (Language) | Participant Characteristics | Intervention Program | Motor Skill Training | Outcome Measured | Adverse Event; Follow-Up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Size | Smart Phone Addiction Level | Mean Age or Age Range | Frequency (weekly) | Time (min) | Duration (week) | |||||
| Zhu, et al. (2015) [25] | Zhejiang, China (Chinese) | 60 | Mild-to-moderate level | 20.72 ± 1.30 | EG: Taijiquan CG: Usual Care |
3 | 60 | 8 | MPATS (WS; SC; MC; HBsalience) |
No No |
| Zhang, Hu, et al. (2016) [26] | Hunan, China (Chinese) | 80 | Mild-to-moderate level | 18–22 | EG: Run CG: Usual Care |
2 | 45 | 8 | MPATS (WS; SC; MC; HBsalience) |
No No |
| Zhou, et al. (2015) [27] | Zhengzhou, China (Chinese) | 18 | Severe level | 20.33 ± 1.64 (freshman) |
EG: Bicycle + Basketball + Badminton CG: Usual Care |
3 | 60 | 12 | MPAI (WS, HBuncontrolled) |
No No |
| Wang, et al. (2015) [28] | Taiyuan, China (Chinese) | 73 | Mild-to-moderate level | 18–22 | EG: Basketball + Badminton + Football + Tennis CG: Usual Care |
3 | 45 | 12 | MPATS (WS; SC; MC; HBsalience) |
No No |
| Fan, Yuan, et al. (2015) [29] | Nanjing, China (Chinese) | 754 | NR | 18–22 (freshman) |
EG: Basketball + Badminton + Football + Tennis CG: Usual Care |
5 | 45–60 | 12 | MPATS (WS; SC; MC; HBsalience) |
No No |
| Wang, Hu, et al. (2016) [30] | Shandong, China (Chinese) | 49 | Mild-to-moderate level | 19.71 ± 1.52 | EG: Basketball + Badminton + Dance CG: Usual Care |
3 | 90 | 10 | MPATS (WS; SC; MC; HBsalience) |
No No |
| Ge, Zhong, et al. (2015) [31] | Nanchang, China (Chinese) | 36 | Severe level | 20.13 ± 1.35 | EG: Bicycle + Run CG: Usual Care |
3 | 120 | 10 | SAS-C (WS, SC, MC) |
No No |
| Zheng, Yi, et al. (2019) [32] | Hunan, China (Chinese) | 99 | Mild-to-moderate level | 18–20 | EG: Basketball + Badminton + Football + Tennis CG: Usual Care |
4 | 60 | 8 | MPAI | No No |
| Xie (2019) [33] | Shangxi, China (Chinese) | 544 | Severe level | 18–22 | EG: Baduanjin CG: Usual Care |
4 | 40–60 | 8/16/24 | MPAI (WS, HBuncontrolled) |
No Yes |
Note: EG = experimental group; CG = control group; WS = withdrawal symptoms; HB = highlight behavior; SC = social comfort; MC = mood change; NE = negative effect; MPATS = smartphone addiction tendency scale; SAS-C = smart phone addiction scale for college students; MPAI = smartphone addiction index; NR = not reported. Smart phone addiction level: 40 to 60 points = mild-to-moderate level; more than 60 points = severe level. Highlight behavior: uncontrolled and salience are emphasizing the importance of using mobile phone on individuals, so we merged them into one item of highlight behavior.