Table I.

Different aetiologies of dysphagia.

Causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia
Neurological diseases (34.9%)	Motor neuron disease; myopathy; birth asphyxia; cerebral palsy; microcephaly; periventricular leukomalacia
Infective/flogistic pathologies	Neurosyphilis; herpetic meningoencephalitis; congenital cytomegalovirus infection; dermatomyositis; epiglottitis
Structural disorders (congenital or acquired)	Restricted lingular frenulum; cleft lip/palate; choanal atresia or stenosis (e.g. Charge syndrome); goitre; caustic injuries
Causes of esophageal dysphagia
Motility disorders	Achalasia; scleroderma; diffuse oesophageal spasm
Intrinsic structural disorders	Diverticula; stenosis; oesophageal plications
Extrinsic structural disorders	Vertebral anomalies; foreign body: mediastinal lesions
Oesophagitis	Herpes-simplex virus; Candida; gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; Crohn’s disease; eosinophilic oesophagitis; caustic agents
Causes related to prematurity (10-49%)
Low gestational age at birth; low birth weight; comorbidities associated with prematurity
Cardio-respiratory diseases
Broncho-pulmonary dysplasia; laryngo-/tracheo-/bronchomalacia; cyanotic and acyanotic heart defects
Iatrogenic complications
Tracheostomy; feeding tube; respiratory support