Table 4.
Regressions on the Association of Antibiotic Therapy Decisions with Pediatricians’ Characteristics
| Length of Antibiotic Therapies (in Days) | Absolute Deviation from the Expert Recommendations (in days) | |
|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Fixed effects | ||
| Female (= 1 if female) | 0.856 (0.528) | 0.394 (0.399) |
| Experience (years in hospital) | −0.110*** (0.039) | −0.076*** (0.030) |
| Willingness to take risks | −0.291*** (0.098) | −0.102 (0.074) |
| Extraversion | 0.082 (0.169) | 0.152 (0.128) |
| Agreeableness | 0.154 (0.246) | −0.035 (0.185) |
| Conscientiousness | −0.581** (0.252) | −0.538*** (0.190) |
| Neuroticism | 0.159 (0.161) | 0.136 (0.122) |
| Openness | 0.205 (0.167) | 0.165 (0.126) |
| Constant | 8.912*** (2.001) | 4.358*** (1.497) |
| Random effects | ||
| Session level | ||
| Var(Constant) | 0.846 (0.583) | 0.265 (0.217) |
| Subject level | ||
| Var(Constant) | 1.255 (0.408) | 0.952 (0.235) |
| Case level | ||
| Var(Constant) | 25.651 (77.382) | 6.750 (54.123) |
| Var(Residual) | 3.342 (77.380) | 0.998 (54.123) |
| Number of observations | 2920 | 2920 |
| Number of subjects | 73 | 73 |
| Number of sessions | 8 | 8 |
Notes. This table shows parameter estimates from multilevel mixed-effects REML regressions, considering the first stage of the experiment. The dependent variables are “length of antibiotic therapies” and “absolute deviation from the expert recommendations”, both measured in days. Standard errors are shown in parentheses. “Willingness to take risks” was measured on a Likert scale ranging from 0 (fully risk averse) to 10 (fully risk seeking).52–54 Besides the Big Five personality traits,50,51 which are displayed in the table, we controlled for “economic preferences”, which comprise validated measures for trust, reciprocity, and altruism, as well as risk and time preferences,52–54 in both models. Both models include session-, subject-, and case-specific random effects.
P < 0.1, **P < 0.05, ***P < 0.01.