Table 2.
Studies describing drowning as part of other studies (including external causes and all causes) in Africa.
| Authors, Reference, Year | Country | Study Design | Year | Study Population | Rates and Proportion of Drowning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chitiyo 1974 [61] | Zimbabwe (Bulawayo area) | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 1972 | 188 adult deaths (external causes) | 11.17% (21) drowning deaths |
| Knobel et al., 1984 [28] | South Africa | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 1966–1981 (15 years) | 3248 children < 15 years (external causes) | 356 drowning deaths (11%) |
| Kibel et al., 1990 [31] | South Africa | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 1981–1985 (5 years) | 14,118 children under 15 years of age (deaths due to external causes) | 19% of all injury related deaths |
| Flisher et al., 1992 [42] | South Africa | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 1984–1986 (3 years) | 9288 adolescent deaths due to external causes | 10.8% of all deaths due to external causes |
| Lerer et al., 1997 [32] | South Africa (Cape Town) | Descriptive cross-sectional | 1994 (1 year) | 3690 deaths due to external causes | 2.6% (96) of all non-natural mortality was due to drowning |
| Kobusingye et al., 2001 [55] | Uganda (Mukono district) | Descriptive cross-sectional | 1993–1998 (5 years) | 34 fatal injuries (external causes) | 27% (9) of fatal injuries were due to drowning |
| Moshiro et al., 2001 [59] | Tanzania | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 1992–1998 (6 years) | 64,756 persons in Dr es Salaam | Overall drowning incidence not stated |
| 146,359 (population in Hai) | Female drowning rates/100,000 | ||||
| 103,053 (population in Morogoro) | Dar es Salaam: 4.7 | ||||
| 1478 deaths due to injuries (external causes) all age groups | Hai District: 5.5 | ||||
| Morogoro: 5.1 | |||||
| Male drowning rates/ 100,000 | |||||
| Dar es Salaam: 9.2 | |||||
| Hai District: 10.2 | |||||
| Morogoro: 7.9 | |||||
| Lett et al., 2006 [53] | Uganda (Gulu district) | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 1994–1999 (5years) | 8595 people397 deaths due to external causes | 0.1/1000 people were due to drowning |
| Osime et al., 2007 [51] | Nigeria (Benin City) | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2001–2004 (4 years) | 5446 trauma related deaths (external causes) | Drowning accounted for 0.8% of all trauma related deaths |
| Burrows et al., 2010 [35] | South Africa | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2001–2003 (2 years) | 3,301,190 children aged 0–14 years 2923 injury related deaths (external causes) of children aged 0–14 years |
Female: 2.1/100,000 |
| Male: 5.3/100,000 | |||||
| Ohene et al., 2010 [46] | Ghana (Accra) | Descriptive cross-sectional | 2001–203 (2 years) | 151 injury related deaths (external causes) among adolescents aged 10–19 years | 38% of deaths were due to drowning |
| Garrib et al., 2011 [40] | South Africa | Analytical cross-sectional | 2000–2007 (7 years) | 133,483 people 1022 injury related deaths (external causes) |
3.3% due to drowning |
| Mendes et al., 2011 [29] | South Africa (Johannesburg) | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2006–2009 (4 years) | 1760 unintentional injuries (external causes) | 0.34% of the deaths were due to drowning § |
| Mamady et al., 2012 [58] | Guinea | Analytical cross-sectional study | 2007 | 9,710,144 (total population) 7066 fatal injuries (external causes) |
4.4/100,000 |
| Odhiambo et al., 2013 [57] | Kenya | Analytical cross-sectional | 2003–2008 (5 years) | 220,000 people (total population) 11,147 adult deaths due to trauma (external causes) |
0.2% (23) deaths were due to drowning |
| Weldearegawi et al., 2013 [45] | Ethiopia (Kilite Awlaelo surveillance site) | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2009–2011 (3 years) | 409 deaths (all causes) | 4.6% of all deaths were due to drowning |
| Streatfield et al., 2014 [20] | Burkina Faso Cote d’Ivoire Ethiopia The Gambia Ghana Kenya Malawi South Africa |
Ecological study | 2000-2012 (3 years) | 111,910 deaths/ 12,204,043 person-years across Africa and Asia due to external causes | Rates/1000 person years Burkina Faso (Nouna): 0.00 Burkina Faso (Ouagadougou): 0.20 Cote d’Ivoire (Taabo): 0.14 Ethiopia (Kilite Awlaelo): 0.13 The Gambia (Farafenni): 0.11 Ghana (Dodowa): 0.28 Ghana (Navrongo): 0.48 Kenya (Kilifi): 0.18 Kenya (Kisumu): 0.22 Kenya (Nairobi): 0.18 Malawi (Karonga): 0.19 South Africa (Africa Centre): 0.19 South Africa (Agincourt): 0.07 |
| Chasimpha et al., 2015 [48] | Malawi (Karonga district) | Nested case-control | 2002 2012 | 59,947 people (children and adults) in Karonga districtDeaths due to external causes | Unintentional drowning rate: 8.6/100,000 |
| Kone et al., 2015 [56] | Cote d’Ivoire | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2009–2011 (3 years) | 39,422 people (total population)712 deaths (all causes) | Unintentional drowning rates |
| Male * | |||||
| 5–14: 0.1% | |||||
| 15–49: 0.3% | |||||
| Female * | |||||
| 5–14 years: 0.02% | |||||
| Matzopoulos et al., 2015 [36] | South Africa | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2009 | 52,493 injury related deaths (external causes) | Unintentional drowning3.3/100,000 |
| Olatunya et al., 2015 [52] | Nigeria (Ekiti State) | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2012–2014 (2 years) | 5264 children admitted for injury related incidents (external causes) | Drowning accounted for 4.54% of all injuries |
| Pretorius and Niekerk, 2015 [33] | South Africa: Guateng | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2008–2011 (2 years) | Total population in Gauteng 5404 fatal injuries (external causes) in children aged 0–19 years |
8.9% of all fatal injuries were due to drowning |
| Groenewald et al., 2016 [38] | South Africa: Western Cape | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2011 | 2412 deaths (all causes) of children under 5 years of age | Drowning accounted for 2.8% of all deaths |
| Mathews et al., 2016 [37] | South Africa: Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2014 | 711 child deaths (all causes) | Drowning deaths accounted for 2.5% of all deaths |
| Reid et al., 2016 [39] | South Africa: Western Cape | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2011 | 180,814 children under 5 years of age (total population) 1051 under-5 deaths (all causes) |
11% of all deaths were due to drowning |
| Meel BL, 2017 [34] | South Africa | Descriptive epidemiology | 1996–2015 (20 years) | 24, 693 deaths due to unnatural (external) causes | 5.1% of unnatural deaths were due to drowning |
| Purcell et al., 2017 [49] | Malawi: Lilongwe | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2008–2013 (6 years) | 30,462 children with traumatic injuries 343 deaths due to external causes |
11.4% of the deaths were due to drowning |
| Erasmus et al., 2018 [41] | South Africa | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2010–2014 (5 years) | 184 injuries related (external causes) deaths over the time period | 75% (138) of the deaths were due to drowning |
| Gelaye et al., 2018 [44] | Ethiopia | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2009–2013 (5 years) | 623 injury related deaths (external causes) | 21.8% (136) deaths were due to drowning |
| Ossei et al., 2019 [47] | Ghana | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 2008–2016 (8 years) | 1470 unnatural deaths (external causes) | 7.14% of the deaths were due to drowning |
§ Drowning proportions were calculated using data provided in the articles. * Other age groups reported no drowning deaths.