Table 4.
Studies discussing proposed prevention strategies for drowning among all age groups in Africa.
| Authors, Reference, Year | Country | Study Population | Prevention Strategy | Hierarchy of Controls |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Davis and Smith, 1982 [23] | South Africa (Cape Town) | 1,500,000 people | Increase public awareness | Administrative control |
| Media campaign to reduce drinking in combination with aquatic activities | ||||
| Davis and Smith 1985 [24] | South Africa (Cape Town) | 1,600,000 people | Live saving facilities | Engineering control |
| Improved adult supervision of children | Administrative control | |||
| Grainger 1985 [60] | Seychelles | 165 deaths due to accidents | Primary health education proposed | |
| 119 drowning deaths | ||||
| Kibel et al., 1990 [31] | South Africa | 14,118 children under 15 years of age | Increase public awareness | Administrative control |
| Safety legislation to reduce environment hazards | Administrative control | |||
| Flisher et al., 1992 [42] | South Africa | 9288 adolescent deaths | Media efforts/ intervention to prevent drowning | Administrative control |
| Moshiro et al., 2001 [59] | Tanzania | 1478 deaths due to injuries | Education | Administrative control |
| Lett et al., 2006 [53] | Uganda (Gulu district) | 397 deaths due to injuries associated with war | Formal monitoring by international bodies with no political or economic interest in the conflict. | Administrative control |
| Meel BL, 2008 [27] | South Africa (Mthatha) | 405 drowning deaths | Education and training at schools about life skills | Administrative control |
| Ohene et al., 2010 [46] | Ghana (Accra) | 151 deaths among adolescents aged 10–19 years | Aquatic safety education | Administrative control |
| Supervision near recreational water bodies | Administrative control | |||
| Donson and Nickerk, 2013 [25] | South Africa | 1648 drowning deaths | Public aquatic safety education | Administrative control |
| Implementation of evidence-led safety measures | Administrative control | |||
| Water safety legislation | Administrative control | |||
| Weldearegawi et al., 2013 [45] | Ethiopia (Kilite Awlaelo surveillance site) | 409 deceased | Integrating occupational and safety education with existing health programme to reduce mortalities associated with accidents | Administrative control |
| Chasimpha et al., 2015 [48] | Malawi (Karonga district) | 59,947 people (children and adults) | Improved supervision of children around bodies of water | Administrative control |
| Joanknecht et al., 2015 [30] | South Africa (Cape Town) | 75 children admitted for a submersion incident | Community based education and prevention programs focusing on restricting access to private pools for young children | Administrative control |
| Morris et al., 2016 [26] | South Africa (Pretoria) | 346 deaths due to external causes | Public education regarding basic life support measures and dangers of alcohol consumption and swimming | Administrative control |
| Use of safety nets/barriers | Engineering control | |||
| Kobusingye et al., 2017 [54] | Uganda (Buikwe; Kampala; Mukono; Wakiso) | 2804 people | Enforce boat construction and maintenance regulations | Administrative control |
| Loading limits | Administrative control | |||
| Boat crew training | Administrative control | |||
| Use of weather forecast | Administrative control | |||
| Gelaye et al., 2018 [44] | Ethiopia | 623 injury related deaths | Community awareness | Administrative control |