Table 4.
Assessment of exposure to environmental factors in the cohort participants.
| Exposure | Tools/Biological Matrix | Time Points (M: Mother C: Child) |
|---|---|---|
| Urban exposome—personal measures | ||
| PM2.5 concentration and oxidative potential | MicroPem (RTI International) 1 | M: Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks 2
C: Around 2 and 36 months 3 |
| Soot (weekly measurement) | MicroAeth (AethLabs) 1 | M: Around 18 gestational weeks 2 |
| NO2 mass concentration | Passive Sampler (Passam A.G) | M: Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks 2
C: Around 2, 12 and 36 months 3 |
| Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes | Passive Sampler (Passam A.G) | M: Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks C: Around 2 months |
| Physical activity | ActiGraph accelerometer (ActigraphCorp) 1 | M: Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks C: Around 2, 12 and 36 months |
| Noise | App NoiseTube (NoiseTube) 1 | M: Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks 2
C: Around 2 and 36 months 3 |
| Time-space activity | Dispersion model (10 m grid) of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 coupled with GPS and diaries data | M: Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks 2
C: Around 2 and 36 months 3 |
| Temperature | Thermometer DL 101T (VoltCraft) | M: Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks 2
C: Around 2 and 36 months 3 |
| Cleaning and cosmetic products | Camera on a smartphone and Cobanet 4 smartphone application (EpiConcept) | M: Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks 2
C: Around 2 and 36 months 3 |
| Drugs | Photographs and questionnaires | M: From conception onwards |
| Urban exposure—estimates at the home address | ||
| PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 | Dispersion model (10 m grid) of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 | Home addresses estimate available for whole follow-up |
| Temperature, atmospheric pressure | Meteorological stations and models | |
| Chemical exposome 5 | ||
|
Phenols Bisphenols A, AF, B, S, F; triclosan; triclocarban; methyl, ethyl, butyl, propyl parabens; benzophenone 3. |
Urine (mother child) | M: Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks 2
C: Around 2, 12 and 36 months 3 |
|
Phthalates MEP (DEP metabolite) MiBP (DiBP metabolite) MnBP (DBP metabolite) MBzP (BBP) MEHP (DEHP metabolite) MEHHP (DEHP metabolite) MEOHP (DEHP metabolite) MECPP (DEHP metabolite) MMCHP (DEHP metabolite) oh-MiNP (DINP metabolite) oxo-MiNP (DINP metabolite) cx-MiNP (DINP metabolite) |
Urine (mother child) | M: Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks 2
C: Around 2, 12 and 36 months 3 |
| DINCH metabolites | Urine (mother, child) | M: Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks 2 |
| oh-MINCH oxo-MINCH oh-MPHP |
C: Around 2, 12 and 36 months 3 | |
|
Organophosphate pesticides metabolites DMP, DMTP, DEP, DETP, ΣDAP 6 |
Urine (mother) | Around 18 and 34 gestational weeks 2 |
|
Perfluorinated compounds 5 PFSAs (including PFOS, PFHxS), 11 PFCAs (including PFOA, PFNA), 3 FOSAs |
Serum | M: Around 18 gestational weeks |
PM10: PM with an aerodynamical diameter below 10 µm. 1 405 women had at least one follow-up week during pregnancy with a MicroPem. The following devices were also used to estimate exposure to PM2.5 for a subsample of women: AM510 (TSI), PDR150 (Fisher), BGI (Mesa Labs). The MicroAeth (AethLab), the Actigraph (ActigraphCorp) and the application NoiseTube were used for a subsample of women. 2 For a subsample of pregnant women, three weeks of measurement were performed (around 18, 26 and 34 gestational weeks). 3 For a subsample of children, three to four weeks of measurement were performed (around 2, 9, 12 and 36 months). 4 The smartphone application Cobanet was used only for cleaning products. 5 Additional components of the chemical exposome will be assessed as part of ATHLETE EU (H2020) exposome project. 6 Sum of dialkylphosphate metabolites.