Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants and the neighborhood environment.
| Variables | Nonobese (N = 58,232) |
Obese (N = 19,782) |
|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||
| Gender | ||
| Male | 24,536 (42.1) | 11,585 (58.6) |
| Female | 33,696 (57.9) | 8197 (41.4) |
| Age | ||
| 19–39 years old | 21,251 (36.5) | 5823 (29.4) |
| 40–59 years old | 24,285 (41.7) | 9162 (46.4) |
| 60 years old and older | 12,696 (21.8) | 4797 (24.2) |
| Education | ||
| ≤High school | 30,843 (53.0) | 11,685 (59.1) |
| ≥College | 27,389 (47.0) | 8097 (40.9) |
| Household income | ||
| <2793 USD | 23,765 (40.8) | 8460 (43.7) |
| ≥2793 USD | 34,467 (59.2) | 11,142 (56.3) |
| Job | ||
| Nonmanual job | 15,749 (27.1) | 5379 (27.2) |
| Manual job | 19,466 (33.4) | 7794 (39.4) |
| Other | 23,017 (39.5) | 6609 (33.4) |
| Marital status | ||
| Live with spouse | 45,959 (78.9) | 16,158 (81.7) |
| Live without spouse | 12,273 (21.1) | 3624 (18.3) |
| Health behaviors | ||
| Smoking | ||
| Never smokers | 38,108 (65.4) | 10,510 (53.2) |
| Former smokers | 8158 (14.1) | 4082 (20.6) |
| Current smokers | 11,966 (20.5) | 5190 (26.2) |
| Drinking | ||
| Never drinkers | 8200 (14.1) | 2710 (13.7) |
| Former drinkers | 6828 (11.7) | 2303 (11.6) |
| Current drinkers | 43,204 (74.2) | 14,769 (74.7) |
| Sleeping duration | ||
| <7 h/d | 27,302 (46.9) | 10,292 (52.0) |
| ≥7 h/d | 30,930 (53.1) | 9490 (48.0) |
| Moderate and vigorous physical activity | ||
| No | 20,361 (35.0) | 7249 (36.6) |
| Yes | 37,871 (65.0) | 12,533 (63.4) |
| Diet | ||
| High-sodium diet | 14,463 (24.8) | 6094 (30.8) |
| Middle-sodium diet | 28,438 (48.8) | 9387 (47.5) |
| Low-sodium diet | 15,331 (26.4) | 4301 (21.7) |
| Driving a car | ||
| Yes | 31,921 (54.8) | 12,248 (61.9) |
| No | 26,311 (45.2) | 7534 (38.1) |
| Health status | ||
| Subjective health status | ||
| Poor | 7908 (13.6) | 3534 (17.9) |
| Good | 50,324 (86.4) | 16,248 (82.1) |
| Stress perception | ||
| No | 42,009 (72.1) | 13,443 (68.0) |
| Yes | 16,223 (27.9) | 6339 (32.0) |
| Depressive symptoms | ||
| No | 54,312 (93.3) | 18,408 (93.1) |
| Yes | 3920 (6.7) | 1374 (6.9) |
| Number of chronic illnesses | ||
| 0 | 42,308 (72.7) | 10,930 (55.2) |
| 1 | 9584 (16.5) | 4489 (22.7) |
| ≥2 | 6340 (10.8) | 4363 (22.1) |
| Neighborhood environment (median; min–max) | ||
| Distance to public physical activity facilities (m) | ||
| T1 (511.9; 205.3–742.2) | 20,451 (35.1) | 6425 (32.5) |
| T2 (1020.6; 742.2–1525.6) | 22,396 (38.5) | 7742 (39.1) |
| T3 (2406.7; 1525.6–9783.6) | 15,385 (26.4) | 5615 (28.4) |
| Distance to public parks (m) | ||
| T1 (119.7; 39.9–169.5) | 21,117 (36.3) | 6683 (33.8) |
| T2 (247.8; 169.5–469.6) | 20,666 (35.5) | 6957 (35.2) |
| T3 (1530.5; 469.6–6183.3) | 16,449 (28.2) | 6142 (31.0) |
| Distance to public transit (m) | ||
| T1 (126.8; 85.1–158.9) | 19,550 (33.6) | 6220 (31.4) |
| T2 (219.9; 158.9–295.3) | 22,519 (38.7) | 7804 (39.5) |
| T3 (413.7; 295.3–1751.6) | 16,163 (27.7) | 5758 (29.1) |
| Population density (person per km2) | ||
| T1 (15; 4.2–76.2) | 15,100 (25.9) | 5725 (28.9) |
| T2 (189; 76.2–285.7) | 22,652 (38.9) | 7613 (38.5) |
| T3 (395; 285.7–8067.8) | 20,480 (35.2) | 6444 (32.6) |
| Intersection density (intersection per km2) | ||
| T1 (0.06; 0.00–0.09) | 14,853 (25.5) | 5281 (26.7) |
| T2 (0.15; 0.09–0.22) | 21,861 (37.5) | 7549 (38.2) |
| T3 (0.35; 0.22–2.89) | 21,518 (37.0) | 6952 (35.1) |
| Land use mix | ||
| T1 (0.61; 0.02–0.70) | 19,801 (34.0) | 6326 (32.0) |
| T2 (0.77; 0.70–0.84) | 19,613 (33.7) | 6675 (33.7) |
| T3 (0.90; 0.84–1.00) | 18,818 (32.3) | 6781 (34.3) |
n (%) numbers and percentages; USD, United States dollar; T, tertile.