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. 2019 Oct 21;55(10):710. doi: 10.3390/medicina55100710

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Categories of zonulin concentration in stool versus intestinal permeability, as found in each tested group. Increased stool zonulin (ISZ, + or −) was assessed by measuring the concentration of zonulin in stool and increased intestinal permeability (IIP, + or −) was assessed with lactulose/mannitol ratio test in urine. The categories are: ISZ (−) vs. IIP (+), ISZ (+) vs. IIP (+), ISZ (+) vs. IIP (−), and ISZ (−) vs. IIP(−). The difference in category distribution among groups was tested with exact tests, which showed statistically significant differences between all three (CTR, AMA, and PRO) groups (p = 0.031) and between the CTR and PRO groups (p = 0.014).