Table 5.

Triangulation with key recommendations on the economic evaluation of public health interventions

#	Key recommendations	Overview findings
1	Review of evidence: Systematic review or in-depth review of evidence prior to the economic evaluation of PHI
2	Effectiveness and economic appraisal: Economic appraisal linked to the appraisal of effectiveness of PHI
3	Study designs: When randomized trial not feasible, quasi-experimental designs or econometric techniques
4	Perspective: Societal perspective (public sector may be used where appropriate)
5	Time horizon: Trial data may need modeling but requires reliable link between intermediate and long-term outcomes
6	Types of economic evaluation preferred: CBA and CCA preferred but CUA and CEA also recommended whenever health is the sole benefit
7	Nonhealth costs and benefits of PHI: Need to capture costs and benefits falling on nonhealth sectors
8	Discounting rates: Lower discounting rates for PHI (1.5% for NICE, 3% for CDC) if costs and health effects accrued > 1 year
9	Equity considerations: Compare differences in health status changes between different health economic groups
10	Wider spectrum of research methods: Understand contextual and process indicators affecting behavior change and other variables

PHI public health interventions, CBA cost-benefit analysis, CCA cost-consequence analysis, CUA cost-utility analysis, CEA cost-effectiveness analysis, NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention