Table 1.
The baseline characteristics of included studies.
| Author | Year | Country | Cancer type | Definition of antibiotics use | Treatment | Sample (Y/N) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhao | 2019 | China | NSCLC | Within 1 month before or after initiation of anti-PD-1 therapy | PD-1 inhibitors alone or in combination with chemotherapy | 109(20/89) | OS, PFS |
| Hakozaki | 2019 | Japan | NSCLC | For ≥3 days within 30 days of nivolumab | Nivolumab monotherapy | 90(13/77) | OS, PFS |
| Elkrief | 2019 | Canada | Melanoma | Within 30 days prior to ICI initiation | PD-1 inhibitors or CTLA-4 inhibitors alone or in combination with chemotherapy | 74(10/64) | OS, PFS |
| Agarwal | 2019 | US | Urothelial carcinoma | Within 1 month before starting to during anti-PD1/PDL1 therapy | PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors | 101(26/75) | OS |
| Schett | 2019 | Switzerland | NSCLC | Within 2 months prior to start of therapy | PD-(L)1 inhibitors | 218(44/174) | OS, PFS |
| Rounis | 2019 | Greece | NSCLC | Within 30 days pre- or during therapy | ICI | 44(NR) | OS, PFS |
| Pinato | 2019 | United Kingdom | NSCLC and melanoma | Within 1 month prior to ICI or until ICI cessation | PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors | 196(97/99) | OS |
| Routy | 2018 | France | NSCLC and urothelial carcinoma | Within 2 month before or 1 month after starting anti-PD-1 therapy | Nivolumab or durvalumab | 182(132/50) | OS, PFS |
| Tinsley | 2018 | United Kingdom | Melanoma, RCC and NSCLC | Within 2 weeks of ICI initiation or 6 weeks after | ICI | 303(94/209) | OS, PFS |
| Swami | 2018 | United Kingdom | Melanoma | Within 2 months before or after starting anti-PD-1 therapy | PD-1 inhibitors | 199(NR) | PFS |
| Sen | 2018 | United States | RCC, NSCLC, melanoma, sarcoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors | during ICI use; within 30 days of ICI; 30–60 days prior to ICI | CTLA-4 or PD-1 inhibitors | 172(NR) | OS, PFS |
| Lalani | 2018 | United States | RCC | between 8-weeks pre- and 4-weeks post initiation of therapy | PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors | 146(31/115) | OS, PFS |
| Kim | 2018 | Korea | Advanced cancer | Within 30 days of ICI initiation | Nivolumab, pembrolizumab or atezolizumab | 199(57/142) | OS |
| Huemer | 2018 | Austria | Non-squamous NSCLC | Within 1 month before or 1 month after ICI initiation | Nivolumab or pembrolizumab | 30(11/19) | OS, PFS |
| Do | 2018 | United States | Lung cancer | Within 30 days before nivolumab initiation to 30 days after the last dose of nivolumab | Nivolumab | 109(87/22) | OS |
| Derosa | 2018 | Canada | RCC and NSCLC | Within the 30 or 60 days before the start of anti-PD-(L)1 therapy | PD-(L)1 inhibitors alone or in combination with CTLA-4 inhibitors or bevacizumab | 360(90/270) | OS, PFS |
| Ahmed | 2018 | United States | Advanced cancer | Within 2 weeks prior to and after therapy initiation and within 10 weeks prior to disease progression | Nivolumab, pembrolizumab or atezolizumab | 60(17/43) | OS, PFS |
| Thompson | 2017 | United States | NSCLC | Within 6 weeks of initiating anti-PD-1 therapy | PD-1 inhibitors | 74(18/56) | OS, PFS |
| Kaderbhai | 2017 | France | NSCLC | Within 3 months before nivolumab initiation or during therapy | Nivolumab in monotherapy | 74(15/59) | PFS |
NOTE, ICI: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; NR: Not Reported; NSCLC: Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer; OS: Overall Survival; PFS: Progression-Free Survival; RCC: Renal Cell Carcinoma; Y/N: antibiotics use/no antibiotics use