Table 2.
Hazard ratios by risk factors upon onset of disability.
| No impaired to any impaired | Model1
|
Model2
|
Model3
|
Model4
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.27(1.20~1.35) | 1.43(1.32~1.54) | 1.17(1.07~1.29) | 1.15(1.05~1.27) |
| Educational attainment | ||||
| 0 year | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1-6 years | 0.65(0.60~0.69) | 0.79(0.72~086) | 0.79(0.72~0.86) | 0.79(0.72~0.86) |
| 7+ years | 0.44(0.40~0.49) | 0.61(0.55~0.71) | 0.61(0.53~0.70) | 0.62(0.54~0.70) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Others | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Currently married | 0.59(0.55~0.63) | 0.98(0.90~1.06) | 1.00(0.92~1.08) | 1.00(0.92~1.08) |
| Currently smoking | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.74(0.69~0.80) | 0.94(0.85~1.03) | 0.92(0.84~1.01) | 0.91(0.83~1.01) |
| Currently drinking | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.80(0.74~0.85) | 0.94(0.85~1.03) | 0.95(0.86~1.04) | 0.95(0.86~1.04) |
| Regular exercise | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.84(0.78~0.89) | 0.89(0.82~0.96) | 0.93(0.86~1.01) | 0.93(0.86~1.01) |
| Living expenses | ||||
| Not enough | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Enough | 0.89(0.83~0.96) | 0.94(0.86~1.03) | 0.99(0.89~1.09) | 0.99(0.90~1.10) |
| Medical service | ||||
| Not adequate | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Adequate | 0.74(0.66~0.83) | 0.88(0.76~1.01) | 0.91(0.78~1.06) | 0.93(0.80~1.08) |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.85(0.69~1.05) | 0.94(0.76~1.18) | 0.94(0.75~1.18) | 0.89(0.71~1.12) |
| Heart disease | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.94(0.84~1.04) | 1.14(1.00~1.31) | 1.17(1.02~1.35) | 1.18(1.02~1.37) |
| Stroke | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.31(1.13~1.53) | 1.27(1.08~1.49) | 1.24(1.05~1.46) | 1.22(1.03~1.44) |
Note: Data come from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS).
Model1 was univariate; Model2 was controlled for age, gender and region; Model3 was additionally controlled for education attainment, marital status, currently smoking, currently drinking, regular exercise, living expenses, and medical service. Model 4 was further controlled for disease factors: diabetes, stroke and heart disease. When these factors were considered as covariates in analyses, a dummy variable for each of these factors was created to represent the group of subjects with the missing value.