Figure 1. A lick/no-lick auditory discrimination task.

(A) Left, schematic diagram of a mouse performing the task under a two-photon microscope. Right, task structure. (B) Performance of an expert mouse in a representative session. Black dots represent licks. A vertical dotted line represents cue onset, and a gray line indicates the end of the response window. Circles and a cross represent correct trials and an incorrect trial, respectively. The color scheme is the same as that in panel (A). (C) Trial-averaged lick rate for hit and FA trials pooled across all trials in expert performance sessions. (D) Mouse-averaged lick latency (left) and lick rate within 1 s from cue onset (right) for hit and FA trials in expert performance sessions. Gray dots and lines represent individual mice (n = 17). (E) Learning curve for all mice (n = 17). Black dots and a line represent an average. A red dashed line represents a threshold for expert performance level (fraction correct = 0.8). (F) Trial-averaged lick rate for hit trials pooled across expert (E) and non-expert (NE) performance sessions. (G) Mouse-averaged lick latency (left) and lick rate within 1 s from cue onset (right) for hit trials in expert (E) and non-expert (NE) performance sessions. (H) Same as panel (F) but for FA trials. (I) Same as panel (G) but for FA trials. (C, F, H) Lines and shadings represent means ± s.e.m. (D, G, I) Paired t-test: *p<0.05, ***p<0.001.

Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Analyses of task performance and licking behavior.

(A) Learning curves for hit rate in all mice (n = 17). Gray dots and lines represent individual animals and magenta dots and line represent means. (B) Same as panel (A) but for CR rate. Gray dots and lines represent individual animals and the blue line and dots represent means. (C) Mouse-averaged lick offset, lick CV2, and lick number for hit and FA trials (n = 17 mice). (D) Mouse-averaged lick offset, lick CV2, and lick number for hit trials in non-expert (NE) and expert (E) performance sessions (n = 17 mice). (E) Same as panel (D) but for FA trials. (C, D, E) Paired t-test: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Figure 1—figure supplement 2. Effects of muscimol on mouse behavior.

(A) Example behavior during a session with muscimol injection. Black dots represent licks. A vertical dashed line represents cue onset, and a gray line indicates the end of the response window. Circles and crosses represent correct and incorrect trials, respectively. The color scheme is the same as that in Figure 1A. (B) Hit and CR rate for saline injection control and muscimol injection sessions (n = 5 mice). (C) Trial-averaged lick rate for hit trials during saline injection control and muscimol injection sessions. (D) Lick latency, early lick rate within 1 s from cue onset, lick offset, and lick CV2 for hit trials during saline injection control and muscimol injection sessions (n = 5 mice). (E) Same as panel (C) but for FA trials. (F) Same as panel (D) but for FA trials. (C, E) Lines and shadings represent means ± s.e.m. (B, D, F) Gray dots and lines represent individual animals. Paired t-test: *p<0.05.