Table 2.
Study | Country | Study name | Population | Nut consumption assessment method | Type of nuts | Nut intake | Age, y | Follow-up (mean, median, or range), y | Outcome | Incident cases | Funding source | NOS score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fraser et al (1992)29 | USA | Seventh-day Adventists | 26 473 M/F | Self-administered semiquantitative FFQ | Not specified |
|
≥25 | 6 | Nonfatal MI | 134 | Agency | 7 |
CHD mortality | 463 | |||||||||||
Albert et al (2002)30 | USA | Physicians’ Health Study | 21 454 M | Self-administered semiquantitative FFQ | Not specified |
|
40–84 | 17 | CHD mortality | 566 | Agency | 7 |
Nonfatal MI | 1037 | |||||||||||
Blomhoff et al (2006)44 | USA |
|
31 778 F | Self-administered FFQ | Nuts plus peanut butter |
|
55–69 | 15 | CVD mortality | 1675 | Agency | 6 |
CHD mortality | 948 | |||||||||||
Djoussé et al (2008)56 | USA | Physicians’ Health Study | 20 976 M | Unvalidated, self-administered FFQ | Not specified |
|
40–84 | 19.6 | Heart failure | 1093 | NR | 6 |
Nettleton et al (2008)57 | USA | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study | 14 153 M/F | Interview-administered FFQ | Nuts plus peanut butter | Continuous: 1 serving/d | 45–64 | 13 | Heart failure | 1140 | Agency | 8 |
Djoussé et al (2010)52 | USA | Physicians’ Health Study | 21 078 M | Unvalidated, self-administered FFQ | Not specified |
|
40–84 | 21.1 | Stroke | 1424 | Agency | 6 |
Ischemic stroke | 1189 | |||||||||||
Hemorrhagic stroke | 219 | |||||||||||
Bernstein et al (2012)54 | USA | Nurses’ Health Study I | 80 010 F | Validated, self-administered FFQ | Not specified |
|
30–55 | 26 | Hemorrhagic stroke | 1383 | Agency | 6 |
Health Professionals Follow-Up Study | 43 150 M |
|
40–75 | 22 | Hemorrhagic stroke | 829 | ||||||
Khawaja et al (2012)55 | USA | Physicians’ Health Study | 21 054 M | Unvalidated, self-administered FFQ | Not specified |
|
40–84 | 24 | Atrial fibrillation | 3317 | Agency | 7 |
Yaemsiri et al (2012)58 | USA | Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study | 87 025 F | Self-administered FFQ | Not specified | Continuous: 1 serving/d | 50–79 | 7.6 | Ischemic stroke | 1049 | Agency | 8 |
von Ruesten et al (2013)59 | Germany | EPIC-Potsdam study | 23 531 M/F | Self-administered semiquantitative FFQ | Peanuts, walnuts, brazil nuts | Continuous: 1 serving/d | 35–65 | 8 | CVD | 363 | Agency | 8 |
Guasch-Ferré et al (2013)46 | Spain | PREDIMED study | 7216 M/F | Interview-administered, validated, semiquantitative FFQ | Almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts, pistachios, pine nuts |
|
55–80 | 4.8 | CVD mortality | 81 | Agency-Industry | 9 |
Bonaccio et al (2015)48 | Italy | Moli-sani study |
|
Validated, self-administered FFQ | Walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, peanuts |
|
>35 | 4.3 | CVD mortality | 104 | Agency | 6 |
CHD mortality | 39 | |||||||||||
Stroke mortality | 19 | |||||||||||
di Giuseppe et al (2015)32 | Germany | EPIC-Potsdam study | 25 997 M/F | Validated, self-administered FFQ | Peanuts, walnuts, brazil nuts |
|
F: 49.2M: 52.5 | 8.3 | Stroke | 288 | Agency | 8 |
Ischemic stroke | 235 | |||||||||||
Stroke mortality | 36 | |||||||||||
Gopinath et al (2015)51 | Australia | Blue Mountains Eye Study | 1312 F | Validated, self-administered FFQ | Not specified |
|
≥49 | 15 | CVD mortality | 258 | Agency | 7 |
IHD mortality | 188 | |||||||||||
Stroke mortality | 101 | |||||||||||
1581 M | CVD mortality | 288 | ||||||||||
IHD mortality | 242 | |||||||||||
Stroke mortality | 75 | |||||||||||
Haring et al (2014)50 | USA | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study | 12 066 M/F | Interview-administered FFQ | Not specified |
|
45–64 | 22 | CHD | 1147 | Agency | 9 |
Haring et al (2015)53 | USA | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study | 11 601 M/F | Interview-administered FFQ | Nuts plus peanut butter |
|
45–64 | 22.7 | Stroke | 699 | Agency | 8 |
Hemorrhagic stroke | 114 | |||||||||||
Ischemic stroke | 598 | |||||||||||
Hshieh et al (2015)47 | USA | Physicians’ Health Study | 20 742 M | Unvalidated, self-administered FFQ | Not specified |
|
40–84 | 9.6 | CVD mortality | 760 | Agency | 6 |
Stroke mortality | 143 | |||||||||||
Luu et al (2015)31 | USA | Southern Community Cohort Study | 71 764 M/F | Semi-quantitative FFQ | Total nuts and peanut butter |
|
40–79 | 5.4 | CVD mortality | 1857 | Agency | 8 |
IHD mortality | 793 | |||||||||||
Ischemic stroke mortality | 121 | |||||||||||
Hemorrhagic stroke mortality | 96 | |||||||||||
China | Shanghai Women’s Health Study and Shanghai Men's Health Study | 134 265 M/F | Peanut |
|
40–70 and 40–74 | 12.2 and 6.5 | CVD mortality | 2587 | ||||
IHD mortality | 631 | |||||||||||
Ischemic stroke mortality | 588 | |||||||||||
Hemorrhagic stroke mortality | 597 | |||||||||||
van den Brandt and Schouten (2015)26 | Netherlands | Netherlands Cohort Study | 3202 M/F (subcohort) | Self-administered validated FFQ | Tree nuts, peanuts |
|
55–69 | 9 | CVD mortality | 2985 | NR | 7 |
IHD mortality | 1488 | |||||||||||
Stroke mortality | 565 | |||||||||||
Wang et al (2016)60 | China | Linxian NIT cohort | 2445 M/F | FFQ | Peanuts, chestnuts, walnuts | Continuous: 3 servings/mo | 40–69 | 26 | Heart disease mortality | 355 | Agency | 6 |
Germany | Stroke mortality | 452 | ||||||||||
Eslamparast et al (2017)49 | Iran | Golestan Cohort Study | 28 257 F | Validated, self-administered, semiquantitative FFQ | Peanuts, tree nuts |
|
40–87 | 7 | CVD mortality | 911 | Agency | 7 |
20 855 M | 1105 | |||||||||||
Guasch-Ferré et al (2017)21 | USA | Nurses’ Health Study I | 76 364 F | Validated, self-administered FFQ | Peanuts, other nuts, and walnuts (if available) |
|
30–55 | 28.7 | CVD | 6727 | Agency | 7 |
CVD mortality | 1770 | |||||||||||
CHD | 3552 | |||||||||||
CHD mortality | 996 | |||||||||||
Stroke | 3322 | |||||||||||
Stroke mortality | 773 | |||||||||||
Ischemic stroke | 1635 | |||||||||||
Nurses’ Health Study II | 92 946 F | 25–42 | 21.5 | CVD | 1915 | |||||||
CVD mortality | 82 | |||||||||||
CHD | 670 | |||||||||||
CHD mortality | 46 | |||||||||||
Stroke | 1262 | |||||||||||
Stroke mortality | 36 | |||||||||||
Ischemic stroke | 220 | |||||||||||
Health Professionals Follow-Up Study | 41 526 M | 40–75 | 22.5 | CVD | 5494 | |||||||
CVD mortality | 2599 | |||||||||||
CHD | 4168 | |||||||||||
CHD mortality | 1921 | |||||||||||
Stroke | 1326 | |||||||||||
Stroke mortality | 367 | |||||||||||
Ischemic stroke | 742 | |||||||||||
Larsson et al (2018)22 | Sweden | Cohort of Swedish Men | 32 911 M | FFQ | Nuts (not including coconut or chestnuts) |
|
45–83 | 17 | MI | 4983 | Agency | 8 |
MI mortality | 917 | |||||||||||
Heart failure | 3160 | |||||||||||
Atrial fibrillation | 7550 | |||||||||||
Ischemic stroke | 3782 | |||||||||||
Intracerebral hemorrhage | 543 |
Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; F, females; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; IHD, ischemic heart disease; M, males; MI, myocardial infarction; NIT: Nutrition Intervention Trials; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa scale; NR, Not reported; PREDIMED, Prevención con Dieta MEDiterránea.