. 2019 Jul 30;77(10):691–709. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz042

Table 2.

Characteristics of the included studies evaluating the association between nuts and risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes

Study	Country	Study name	Population	Nut consumption assessment method	Type of nuts	Nut intake	Age, y	Follow-up (mean, median, or range), y	Outcome	Incident cases	Funding source	NOS score
Fraser et al (1992)²⁹	USA	Seventh-day Adventists	26 473 M/F	Self-administered semiquantitative FFQ	Not specified	≥51 servings/wk vs <1 serving/wk	≥25	6	Nonfatal MI	134	Agency	7
Fraser et al (1992)²⁹	USA	Seventh-day Adventists	26 473 M/F	Self-administered semiquantitative FFQ	Not specified	≥51 servings/wk vs <1 serving/wk	≥25	6	CHD mortality	463	Agency	7
Albert et al (2002)³⁰	USA	Physicians’ Health Study	21 454 M	Self-administered semiquantitative FFQ	Not specified	≥2 servings/wk vs <1 serving/mo	40–84	17	CHD mortality	566	Agency	7
Albert et al (2002)³⁰	USA	Physicians’ Health Study	21 454 M	Self-administered semiquantitative FFQ	Not specified	≥2 servings/wk vs <1 serving/mo	40–84	17	Nonfatal MI	1037	Agency	7
Blomhoff et al (2006)⁴⁴	USA	Iowa Women’s Health Study	31 778 F	Self-administered FFQ	Nuts plus peanut butter	7 servings/wk vs 0.5 servings/wk	55–69	15	CVD mortality	1675	Agency	6
Blomhoff et al (2006)⁴⁴	USA	Iowa Women’s Health Study	31 778 F	Self-administered FFQ	Nuts plus peanut butter	7 servings/wk vs 0.5 servings/wk	55–69	15	CHD mortality	948	Agency	6
Djoussé et al (2008)⁵⁶	USA	Physicians’ Health Study	20 976 M	Unvalidated, self-administered FFQ	Not specified	≥2 servings/wk vs <1 serving/wk	40–84	19.6	Heart failure	1093	NR	6
Nettleton et al (2008)⁵⁷	USA	Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study	14 153 M/F	Interview-administered FFQ	Nuts plus peanut butter	Continuous: 1 serving/d	45–64	13	Heart failure	1140	Agency	8
Djoussé et al (2010)⁵²	USA	Physicians’ Health Study	21 078 M	Unvalidated, self-administered FFQ	Not specified	7 servings/wk vs <1 serving/wk	40–84	21.1	Stroke	1424	Agency	6
									Ischemic stroke	1189
									Hemorrhagic stroke	219
Bernstein et al (2012)⁵⁴	USA	Nurses’ Health Study I	80 010 F	Validated, self-administered FFQ	Not specified	0.34 servings/d vs 0 servings/d	30–55	26	Hemorrhagic stroke	1383	Agency	6
Bernstein et al (2012)⁵⁴		Health Professionals Follow-Up Study	43 150 M	Validated, self-administered FFQ	Not specified	0.60 servings/d vs 0 servings/d	40–75	22	Hemorrhagic stroke	829	Agency	6
Khawaja et al (2012)⁵⁵	USA	Physicians’ Health Study	21 054 M	Unvalidated, self-administered FFQ	Not specified	≥6 servings/wk vs 0 servings/wk	40–84	24	Atrial fibrillation	3317	Agency	7
Yaemsiri et al (2012)⁵⁸	USA	Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study	87 025 F	Self-administered FFQ	Not specified	Continuous: 1 serving/d	50–79	7.6	Ischemic stroke	1049	Agency	8
von Ruesten et al (2013)⁵⁹	Germany	EPIC-Potsdam study	23 531 M/F	Self-administered semiquantitative FFQ	Peanuts, walnuts, brazil nuts	Continuous: 1 serving/d	35–65	8	CVD	363	Agency	8
Guasch-Ferré et al (2013)⁴⁶	Spain	PREDIMED study	7216 M/F	Interview-administered, validated, semiquantitative FFQ	Almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts, pistachios, pine nuts	>3 servings/wk vs never	55–80	4.8	CVD mortality	81	Agency-Industry	9
Bonaccio et al (2015)⁴⁸	Italy	Moli-sani study	10 509 F 8877 M	Validated, self-administered FFQ	Walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, peanuts	Intake vs no intake	>35	4.3	CVD mortality	104	Agency	6
									CHD mortality	39
									Stroke mortality	19
di Giuseppe et al (2015)³²	Germany	EPIC-Potsdam study	25 997 M/F	Validated, self-administered FFQ	Peanuts, walnuts, brazil nuts	14.2 g/d vs 0 g/d	F: 49.2M: 52.5	8.3	Stroke	288	Agency	8
									Ischemic stroke	235
									Stroke mortality	36
Gopinath et al (2015)⁵¹	Australia	Blue Mountains Eye Study	1312 F	Validated, self-administered FFQ	Not specified	4.90 to 100 g/d vs 0 to 0.50 g/d	≥49	15	CVD mortality	258	Agency	7
									IHD mortality	188
									Stroke mortality	101
			1581 M						CVD mortality	288
									IHD mortality	242
									Stroke mortality	75
Haring et al (2014)⁵⁰	USA	Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study	12 066 M/F	Interview-administered FFQ	Not specified	0.6 servings/d vs 0.1 servings/d	45–64	22	CHD	1147	Agency	9
Haring et al (2015)⁵³	USA	Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study	11 601 M/F	Interview-administered FFQ	Nuts plus peanut butter	1 servings/d vs 0 servings/d	45–64	22.7	Stroke	699	Agency	8
									Hemorrhagic stroke	114
									Ischemic stroke	598
Hshieh et al (2015)⁴⁷	USA	Physicians’ Health Study	20 742 M	Unvalidated, self-administered FFQ	Not specified	≥5 servings/wk vs <1 serving/wk	40–84	9.6	CVD mortality	760	Agency	6
Hshieh et al (2015)⁴⁷	USA	Physicians’ Health Study	20 742 M	Unvalidated, self-administered FFQ	Not specified	≥5 servings/wk vs <1 serving/wk	40–84	9.6	Stroke mortality	143	Agency	6
Luu et al (2015)³¹	USA	Southern Community Cohort Study	71 764 M/F	Semi-quantitative FFQ	Total nuts and peanut butter	≥18.45 g/d vs <0.95 g/d	40–79	5.4	CVD mortality	1857	Agency	8
									IHD mortality	793
									Ischemic stroke mortality	121
									Hemorrhagic stroke mortality	96
	China	Shanghai Women’s Health Study and Shanghai Men's Health Study	134 265 M/F		Peanut	≥2.54 g/d vs <0.14 gram/day	40–70 and 40–74	12.2 and 6.5	CVD mortality	2587
									IHD mortality	631
									Ischemic stroke mortality	588
									Hemorrhagic stroke mortality	597
van den Brandt and Schouten (2015)²⁶	Netherlands	Netherlands Cohort Study	3202 M/F (subcohort)	Self-administered validated FFQ	Tree nuts, peanuts	19.6 g/d vs 0 g/d	55–69	9	CVD mortality	2985	NR	7
									IHD mortality	1488
									Stroke mortality	565
Wang et al (2016)⁶⁰	China	Linxian NIT cohort	2445 M/F	FFQ	Peanuts, chestnuts, walnuts	Continuous: 3 servings/mo	40–69	26	Heart disease mortality	355	Agency	6
Wang et al (2016)⁶⁰	Germany	Linxian NIT cohort	2445 M/F	FFQ	Peanuts, chestnuts, walnuts	Continuous: 3 servings/mo	40–69	26	Stroke mortality	452	Agency	6
Eslamparast et al (2017)⁴⁹	Iran	Golestan Cohort Study	28 257 F	Validated, self-administered, semiquantitative FFQ	Peanuts, tree nuts	≥3 servings/wk vs never	40–87	7	CVD mortality	911	Agency	7
Eslamparast et al (2017)⁴⁹	Iran	Golestan Cohort Study	20 855 M	Validated, self-administered, semiquantitative FFQ	Peanuts, tree nuts	≥3 servings/wk vs never	40–87	7	CVD mortality	1105	Agency	7
Guasch-Ferré et al (2017)²¹	USA	Nurses’ Health Study I	76 364 F	Validated, self-administered FFQ	Peanuts, other nuts, and walnuts (if available)	≥5 servings/wk vs never or almost never	30–55	28.7	CVD	6727	Agency	7
									CVD mortality	1770
									CHD	3552
									CHD mortality	996
									Stroke	3322
									Stroke mortality	773
									Ischemic stroke	1635
		Nurses’ Health Study II	92 946 F				25–42	21.5	CVD	1915
									CVD mortality	82
									CHD	670
									CHD mortality	46
									Stroke	1262
									Stroke mortality	36
									Ischemic stroke	220
		Health Professionals Follow-Up Study	41 526 M				40–75	22.5	CVD	5494
									CVD mortality	2599
									CHD	4168
									CHD mortality	1921
									Stroke	1326
									Stroke mortality	367
									Ischemic stroke	742
Larsson et al (2018)²²	Sweden	Cohort of Swedish Men	32 911 M	FFQ	Nuts (not including coconut or chestnuts)	≥3 servings/wk vs never	45–83	17	MI	4983	Agency	8
									MI mortality	917
									Heart failure	3160
									Atrial fibrillation	7550
									Ischemic stroke	3782
									Intracerebral hemorrhage	543

Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; F, females; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; IHD, ischemic heart disease; M, males; MI, myocardial infarction; NIT: Nutrition Intervention Trials; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa scale; NR, Not reported; PREDIMED, Prevención con Dieta MEDiterránea.