Table 2.
Demographic Table Summarizing Themes Associated with Social Stigma of Included Articles
| Citation | Year | Title | CLP | Country of Study | Country of PI | Type of Study | Participant Age | Sex (M%, F%) | Themes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adigun and Adniran27 | 2004 | Unoperated adult cleft of the primary palate in Ilorin, Nigeria | CLP | Nigeria | Nigeria | Retrospective cohort | 15 to >25 y | M = 58%, F = 42%, n = 12 | Education |
| Agbenorku et al8 | 2007 | Endemicity of cleft lip/palate in a rural community in south-east Ghana | CLP | Ghana | Ghana | Cross-sectional | 10 to > 70 y | M = 77%, F = 23%, n = 13 | Marriage, education, employment, social impact, societal beliefs |
| Camille et al22 | 2014 | Advantages of early management of facial clefts in Africa | CLP | Côte d’Ivoire | Côte d’Ivoire | Retrospective cohort | 0–28 d | M = 61%, F = 39%, n = 70 | Social impact, societal beliefs |
| Chan et al9 | 2006 | Chinese attitudes toward cleft lip and palate: effects of personal contact | CLP | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | Qualitative | Mean age 13.9 y, 11–16 y | M = 55%, F = 45%, n = 40 | Marriage, employment, social impact, psychological distress, societal beliefs |
| El-Shazly et al16 | 2010 | Attitudes toward children with clefts in rural Muslim and Hindu societies | CLP | India, Egypt | USA | Qualitative | <18 y | Not reported, n = 100 | Marriage, education, employment, social impact, societal beliefs |
| Fadeyibi et al23 | 2012 | Psychosocial effects of cleft lip and palate on Nigerians: the Ikeja-Lagos experience | CLP | Nigeria | Nigeria | Qualitative | 0–6 y (45%), 6–12 y (19%), >12 y (36%) | M = 49%, F = 51%, n = 116 | Marriage, social impact, psychological distress |
| Fell et al5 | 2014 | The impact of a single surgical intervention for patients with a cleft lip living in rural Ethiopia | Isolated cleft lip | UK | Ethiopia | Qualitative | Mean age 14.2 y, 0 to >20 y | M = 62%, F = 38%, n = 356 | Marriage, education, employment, psychological distress |
| Kadambari21 | 2007 | A patient’s journey | CLP | Kenya | UK | Case study | 4 mo | M = 0%, F = 100%, n = 1 | Social impact |
| Mzezewa et al24 | 2014 | Neonatal cleft lip repair in babies with breastfeeding difficulties at Polokwane Mankweng Hospital Complex | Cleft lip | South Africa | South Africa | Prospective cohort | Median age 9 d, 3–28 d | M = 48%, F = 52%, n = 23 | Social impact |
| Naram et al18 | 2012 | Perceptions of family members of children with cleft lip and palate in Hyderabad, India, and its rural outskirts regarding craniofacial anomalies: a pilot study | CLP | India | USA | Qualitative | Mean age 28 mo | Not reported, n = 23 | Societal beliefs |
| Olasoji et al19 | 2007 | Cultural and religious components in Nigerian parents’ perceptions of the aetiology of cleft lip and palate: implications for treatment and rehabilitation | CLP | Nigeria | Nigeria | Qualitative | Not reported (not full population) |
Not reported | Societal beliefs |
| Owotade et al20 | 2012 | Awareness, knowledge and attitude on cleft lip and palate among antenatal clinic attendees of tertiary hospitals in Nigeria | CLP | Nigeria | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | Not reported (not full population) |
Not reported |
Societal beliefs |
| Parmar26 | 2007 | Hands-on training: working with a charity cleft team in Hyderabad | CLP | India | UK | Narrative | 3 mo to 13 y | Not reported | Marriage, employment |
| Reeve et al17 | 2004 | An international surgical exchange program for children with cleft lip/cleft palate in Manaus, Brazil: patient and family expectations of outcome | CLP | Brazil | USA | Qualitative | 6–20 y, majority <10 y | Not reported, n = 28 | Education, societal beliefs |
| Weatherley-White et al25 | 2004 | Perceptions, expectations, and reactions to cleft lip and palate surgery in native populations: a pilot study in rural India | CLP | India | USA | Qualitative | Not reported | M = 62%, F = 38%, n = 52 | Marriage, education, societal beliefs |