Summary diagram of components of the song production (male, gray outline) and perception (female, magenta outline) pathways. Identified neurons and regions related to song production or perception in the brain (green) and ventral nerve cord (purple) are shown (JO — Johnston’s organ, AMMC — antennal mechanosensory and motor center, VLP — ventrolateral protocerebrum, MNS — motor neurons). Dashed arrows represent connections that are supported in the literature but for which the neural pathways remain unknown. For simplification, details of male song perception and putative male forward locomotor pathways are not shown.