Table 1.
Summary Of Characteristics And Results Of The Included Studies
| Author, Year, Country; Study Design (Length Of Study In Years) | Participants | Age | Periodontitis Evaluation | Results | Statistical Analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source Of Sample | n | |||||
| (Holmlund et al, 201037); Sweden, cohort (12 years) | Department of Periodontology at Gavle County Hospital, Gavle, Sweden. | (7674)* | 51.7 ± 13.8 | Probing depth, periodontal severity index (PDSI) and number of deepened periodontal pockets (NDP). | No significant predictive power to future mortality after adjustment was observed for the periodontitis parameters. | Cox proportional hazard analyses |
| (Sen et al, 201838); United States, cohort (15 years) | ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study, 4 communities in United States. | (15,792)* | 62.3± 5.6 | Periodontal profile classes (PPC): interproximal attachment level, probing depth, extent of bleeding on probing, gingival inflammation index, plaque index, presence/absence of full prosthetic crowns for each tooth, and tooth status presence. | 584 participants had incident ischemic strokes over a 15-year period. The 7 levels of PPC showed a trend toward an increased stroke risk (χ2 trend P<0.0001); the incidence rate for ischemic stroke/1000-person years was 1.29 for PPC-A (health), 2.82 for PPC-B, 4.80 for PPC-C, 3.81 for PPC-D, 3.50 for PPC-E, 4.78 for PPC-F, and 5.03 for PPC-G (severe periodontal disease). | Cox proportional hazard analyses |
| (Wu et al, 200036); United States, cohort (18 years) | First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States | (5434) 3634: no disease 1800: periodontitis | 25–74 years | CAL | Periodontitis is a significant risk factor for Cerebrovascular accidents and, in particular, nonhemorrhagic stroke ORs (95% CIs): 1.66 (1.15 to 2.39) | Cox proportional hazard model |
| (Abolfazli et al, 201141); Iran, c-c | General surgery ward and staff of Imam Hospital, Tabriz, Iran | (100)* | 53.3±13.01 | CAL | The more severe periodontitis (CAL≥6 mm) was observed among men in patients with cerebral ischemia (P=0.012). | Chi-squared test and Fisher’s test |
| (Diouf et al, 201544); Senegal, c-c | Fann National University Hospital, Senegal. | (220)* | Not informed | CAL | Periodontitis was significantly associated with stroke (OR= 1.58, 95% CI: 1.1–3.022; p< 0.001) | Logistic regression analysis |
| (Dörfer et al, 200439); Germany, c-c | Residents of the city of Heidelberg or the neighboring county, Germany. | (603)* | 18–75 years | CAL | Periodontitis is an independent risk factor for cerebral ischemia and acute exacerbation of inflammatory processes (p<0.001) ORs (95% CIs): 7.38 (1.55–15.03) | Logistic regression analysis |
| (Ghizoni et al, 201242); Brazil, c-c. | Neurosurgery Division of the Intensive Care Unit and Operative Dentistry Clinics of the Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo | (80)* | 30–80 years | Probing depth and CAL | Periodontal disease was specifically defined by the presence of at least one site showing a PPD≥4 mm, which resulted in 19 (95%) diseased patients in the test group and 17 (28.3%) patients in the control group, resulting in an unadjusted odds ratio of 48.06 (95% confidence interval:5.96 to 387.72, p<0.001). | chi-squared test, with a 95% confidence level. |
| (Leira et al, 201645); Spain, c-c. | Stroke Unit of the University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. | (112)* | 68 (58–71) years | Probing depth and CAL | A strong association between Chronic periodontitis was reported (odds ratio 4.20; 95% confidence interval 1.81–10.20; p= 0.001). | Logistic regression analysis |
| (Palm et al, 201443); Germany, c-c. | Ludwigshafen, Germany. | (198)* | 68.2 ± 9.7 years | Questionnaires, evaluation of A. actinomycetemcomitans | The stroke group presented higher levels of A. Actinomycetemcomitans (p-0.003) | Wilcoxon signed-rank test |
| (Pradeep et al, 201040); India, c-c | Department of Neurology, Victoria Hospital and the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India | (200)* | 33–68 years | CAL | The clinical attachment loss values of subjects with cerebrovascular accident (3.99 ± 1.21) were significantly higher when compared with those of the control group (3.18 ± 0.94, p<0.05) | Logistic regression analysis |
Note: *No information regarding number of participants with periodontitis and without periodontitis.
Abbreviations: c-c, case–control study; CAL, clinical attachment loss.