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. 2019 Nov 11;9:16534. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52919-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental setup. (a) Schematic of the experimental setup in the evacuated interaction chamber. Here, laser pulses (red) from the POLARIS system irradiate the solid hydrogen filament (blue) vertically emitted from the cryogenic target source. Before the interaction, the filament’s position with respect to the focal plane of the laser can be controlled with a sideview-imaging system using a frequency-doubled probe laser pulse from a Nd:YAG laser with ns duration (green). Protons emitted during the interaction (grey) are first detected by a plastic scintillator. A gateable CCD camera (not shown here), which is looking at this scintillator from the back, provides energy-resolved information about the proton beam’s spatial profile. Through a hole in the scintillator and an ion beam guide aligned to the laser forward direction protons can propagate towards a Thomson-parabola ion spectrometer with parallel electric and magnetic fields equipped with a micro-channel plate (MCP) as the detector. With this spectrometer, energy spectra of the protons and any other ion species could be detected. (b) Sideview image of the solid hydrogen filament around the laser focus position but without the main pulse.