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. 2019 Nov 11;9:16480. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52952-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-resolved HP ¹³C MR of isolated perfused livers after giving HP [1-¹³C]pyruvate. (A) Representative photographs of the isolated livers from all four groups of mice used in this study; (B) time-resolved ¹³C NMR signals of perfused mouse livers after receiving HP [1-¹³C]pyruvate (2 mM); and (C) representative ¹³C NMR spectra of the perfused livers obtained by summing 50 free-induction decays acquired over 100 s. Compared to their respective controls, ¹³C bicarbonate was increased in the double knockouts, consistent with increased flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase.