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. 2019 Nov 11;9:16464. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53417-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Predicted influence of draw concentration, c_d, upon solvent flux, J_v, and the consequential variation of relative solute flux $(- \frac{J_{s}}{J_{v}})$ with flux. Standard conditions with S = 350 µm. See Table 1 for standard conditions. (a) predicted $J_{v} - c_{d}$ curves for three models, S-D, SKK and ‘ideal’ (B = 0). (b) Variation of $(- \frac{J_{s}}{J_{v}})$ with J_v for S-D and SKK models. The ‘reference’ is: $- J_{s} / J_{v} = c_{f}$ .