Fig. 1.

RUNX1 expression during gonadal differentiation in various vertebrates. a Expression of Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3 mRNAs in XX and XY gonads of E14.5 mouse embryos (n = 5/sex). Values are presented as mean ± SEM; non-parametric t-test, **p < 0.01; NS, not significant. b Expression time course of Runx1 mRNA in mouse XX and XY gonads during gonadal differentiation (n = 3/stage). Values are presented as mean ± SEM. c–f Time course of RUNX1 mRNA expression in four other vertebrate species, human, goat, red-eared slider turtle, and rainbow trout during gonad differentiation. Values are presented as mean ± SEM. For the turtle, pink and blue bars represent gonads at female-promoting temperature (FPT) of 31 °C and at male-promoting temperature (MPT) of 26 °C, respectively⁶⁴. RUNX1 expression was analyzed by RNA-seq in human and red-eared slider turtle⁶⁴, and by qPCR in goat and rainbow trout. Green highlighted areas represent the window of early gonadal differentiation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file