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. 2019 Nov 11;9:16470. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52996-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Location- 2 GPR slices at given travel-times with comparative data. Each 2 ns slice represents an estimated thickness of 5–6 cm. (a) Bottom or near bottom of true tracks, with a superimposed human footprint seen in the perimeter of T1. (b) Slice immediately beneath the tracks yield amplitude patterns similar to observed plantar pressure data. (c) Depths derived from excavation of the largest mammoth track (T1) with human print. (d) Mean plantar pressure data from African elephants (Loxodonta africana), curtesy of Panagiotopoulou et al.²⁰. This based on the mean records of five elephants and the methods are described in Panagiotopoulou et al.²⁰. Means for each of the five animals are based on between 1 and 24 pressure records.