Table 1.
Global yield gains in wheat.
| Country | Years | Yield change (tons/ha) | Mean yield increment (kg ha-1yr-1) |
Genetic gain (% yr-1) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | 1885-2008 | ——— | 8.0 | ——— | Kamran et al. (2013a) |
| Canada | 2005-2014 | 2.7 -3.1 | 35.7 | ——— | Perez-Lara et al. (2016) |
| China | 1981-2008 | ——— | 51.30 | 0.60 | Zheng et al. (2011) |
| China | 1962-2006 | ——— | 62 kg | 0.85 | Xiao et al. (2012) |
| China | 1960-2000 | ——— | 32.07 to 72.11 | 0.48 to 1.23 | Zhou et al. (2007a) |
| China | 1949-2000 | ——— | 13.96 | 0.31 | Zhou et al. (2007b) |
| China | 1940-2010 | ——— | 22.8 | 0.48 | Sun et al. (2014) |
| China | 1975-2007 | ——— | 103.5 | 1.09 | Zhang et al. (2016) |
| China | 1950-2012 | 5-8.5 | 57.5 | 0.7 | Gao et al. (2017) |
| China | 1945- 2010 | 6.08 - 7.37 | 66.0 | ——— | Wu et al. (2014) |
| Mexico | 1977-2008 | ——— | 3.5 g m-2 yr-1 | 0.7 | Lopes et al. (2012) |
| Mexico | 1977-2008 | ——— | 6.4 g m-2 yr-1 (HYE) | 0.9 | Lopes et al. (2012) |
| Mexico | 1977-2008 | ——— | 3.0 g m-2 yr-1 (IME) | 0.7 | Lopes et al. (2012) |
| Mexico | 1977-2008 | ——— | 1.0 g m-2 yr-1 (LYE) | 0.5 | Lopes et al. (2012) |
| Mexico | 1994-2010 | 1.76 to 2.88 (LYE) | 31.0 | 0.5 | Lopes et al. (2012) |
| Mexico | 1994-2010 | 3.78 to 6.02 (HYE) | ——— | 1.0 | Lopes et al. (2012) |
| Mexico | 1966-2009 | ——— | 30 (HYE) | 0.59 | Aisawi et al. (2015) |
| Mexico | 2002–2003 | 0.15 to 3.5 | 38.13 (LYE) | ——— | Crespo-Herrera et al. (2018) |
| USA | 1950-2009 | ——— | 37.0 | 0.98 | Green et al. (2012) |
| USA | 1959-2008 | ——— | ——— | 1.1 | Graybosch and Peterson (2010) |
| USA | 1874-2000 | ——— | 10.4 | 0.48 | Fufa et al. (2005) |
| USA | 1971-2008 | ——— | 14.6 | 0.93 | Battenfield et al. (2013) |
| USA | 1968-2002 | ——— | 30.4 | 1.3 | Underdahl et al. (2008) |
| Brazil | 1940-2009 | 0.17 - 2.14 | 29.0 | 0.92 | Beche et al. (2014) |
| Brazil | 1999–2009 | ——— | 16.0 | 0.45 | Beche et al. (2014) |
| Brazil | 1998-2014 | ——— | 34.8 | 1.0 | Bornhofen et al. (2018) |
| United Kingdom | 1972-1995 | ——— | 0.12 Mg ha-1yr-1 | ——— | Shearman et al. (2005) |
| United Kingdom | 1982-2007 | ——— | 74.0 | ——— | Mackay et al. (2011) |
| Spain | 1988–2000 | ——— | 24.0 | ——— | Royo et al. (2007) |
| Spain | 1980-2009 | ——— | 24.0 | 0.44 | Chairi et al. (2018) |
| Italy | 1900-1990 | ——— | 19.9 | ——— | De Vita et al. (2007) |
| Italy | 1950-2000 | ——— | 25.6 | ——— | Giunta et al. (2007) |
| Australia | 1958-2007 | 4.1 - 6.1 | 25 .0 | ——— | Sadras and Lawson (2011) |
| Australia | 1958-2007 | ——— | 18.0 | ——— | Sadras and Lawson (2013) |
| Australia | 1901-2014 | ——— | ——— | 0.4 | Flohr et al. (2018) |
| Australia | 1958-2011 | ——— | 21.0 | ——— | Kitonyo et al. (2017) |
| France | 1950-1996 | ——— | 123.0 | ——— | Brisson et al. (2010) |
| Siberia | 1900-2000 | 2.18 - 3.71 | 15.3 | 0.7 | Morgounov et al. (2010) |
| Argentina | 1940-1999 | ——— | 51.0 | 1.17 | Lo Valvo et al. (2018) |
| Argentina | 1999–2011 | ——— | 14.0 | 0.18 | Lo Valvo et al. (2018) |
| Iran | 1930-2006 | ——— | 31.0 | ——— | Joudi et al. (2014) |
| Iran | 1930-2006 | ——— | 20.0 | ——— | Joudi et al. (2014) |
| Chile | 1965-2001 | ——— | 246.0 | 2.6 | Matus et al. (2012) |
| France | 1970–2010 | 0.065 - 0.137 | 0.114 | ——— | Oury et al. (2012) |
| Turkey | 1931- 2006 | 2.9 – 3.8 | 12.5 | 0.50 | Keser et al. (2017) |
| Turkey | 1931- 2006 | 0.6 – 1.8 | 6.1 (LYE) | 0.66 | Keser et al. (2017) |
| Turkey | 1931- 2006 | 4.0 -5.1 | 18.0 (LYE) | 0.49 | Keser et al. (2017) |
| Turkey | 1963- 2004 | 4.1 – 5.5 | 58.0 (HYE) | 1.37 | Gummadov et al. (2015) |
LYE, Low-yielding environment; IME, Intermediate-yielding environment; HYE, High-yielding environment.