Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Patient Participants
| Overall (N = 1173) | Workshop (N = 336) | Apprenticeship (N = 379) | Consult (N = 458) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | p value# | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.56 | ||||||||
| White, non-Latino | 665 | 56.7 | 192 | 57.1 | 224 | 59.1 | 249 | 54.4 | |
| Black, non-Latino | 352 | 30.0 | 98 | 29.2 | 105 | 27.7 | 149 | 32.5 | |
| Latino | 144 | 12.3 | 44 | 13.1 | 47 | 12.4 | 53 | 11.6 | |
| Other, non-Latino | 12 | 1.0 | 2 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.8 | 7 | 1.5 | |
| Gender | 0.45 | ||||||||
| Male | 639 | 54.5 | 184 | 54.8 | 197 | 52.0 | 258 | 56.3 | |
| Female | 534 | 45.5 | 152 | 45.2 | 182 | 48.0 | 200 | 43.7 | |
| Primary substance* | 0.65 | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 475 | 40.5 | 137 | 40.8 | 159 | 42.0 | 179 | 39.1 | |
| Nicotine | 463 | 39.5 | 137 | 40.8 | 148 | 39.1 | 178 | 38.9 | |
| Opioids | 86 | 7.3 | 24 | 7.1 | 29 | 7.7 | 33 | 7.2 | |
| Cannabis | 64 | 5.5 | 14 | 4.2 | 20 | 5.3 | 30 | 6.6 | |
| Cocaine | 50 | 4.3 | 17 | 5.1 | 10 | 2.6 | 23 | 5.0 | |
| Sedatives | 31 | 2.6 | 7 | 2.1 | 12 | 3.2 | 12 | 2.6 | |
| Other | 4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.3 | 3 | 0.7 | |
| Substance use disorders† | |||||||||
| Alcohol | 545 | 46.5 | 157 | 46.7 | 174 | 45.9 | 214 | 46.7 | 0.97 |
| Nicotine | 794 | 67.7 | 234 | 69.6 | 247 | 65.2 | 313 | 68.3 | 0.41 |
| Opioids | 142 | 12.1 | 41 | 12.2 | 49 | 12.9 | 52 | 11.4 | 0.78 |
| Cannabis | 164 | 14.0 | 40 | 11.9 | 56 | 14.8 | 68 | 14.8 | 0.43 |
| Cocaine | 131 | 11.2 | 44 | 13.1 | 33 | 8.7 | 54 | 11.8 | 0.15 |
| Sedatives | 72 | 6.1 | 21 | 6.3 | 26 | 6.9 | 25 | 5.5 | 0.70 |
| Other | 22 | 1.9 | 5 | 1.5 | 9 | 2.4 | 8 | 1.7 | 0.66 |
| HCUP disease category | |||||||||
| Mental illness | 363 | 30.9 | 101 | 30.1 | 115 | 30.3 | 147 | 32.1 | 0.79 |
| Undefined symptoms | 337 | 28.7 | 91 | 27.1 | 116 | 30.6 | 130 | 28.4 | 0.57 |
| Circulatory system | 311 | 26.5 | 80 | 23.8 | 94 | 24.8 | 137 | 29.9 | 0.10 |
| Respiratory system | 281 | 24.0 | 83 | 24.7 | 91 | 24.0 | 107 | 23.4 | 0.91 |
| Digestive system | 240 | 20.5 | 58 | 17.3 | 76 | 20.1 | 106 | 23.1 | 0.12 |
| Endocrine, nutritional, metabolic diseases/immunity disorders | 226 | 19.3 | 57 | 17.0 | 73 | 19.3 | 96 | 21.0 | 0.37 |
| Infectious/parasitic | 157 | 13.4 | 35 | 10.4 | 53 | 14.0 | 69 | 15.1 | 0.15 |
| Genitourinary system | 148 | 12.6 | 39 | 11.6 | 44 | 11.6 | 65 | 14.2 | 0.43 |
| Musculoskeletal system | 122 | 10.4 | 30 | 8.9 | 38 | 10.0 | 54 | 11.8 | 0.41 |
| Skin/subcutaneous tissue | 119 | 10.1 | 31 | 9.2 | 34 | 9.0 | 54 | 11.8 | 0.33 |
| Nervous system | 117 | 10.0 | 31 | 9.2 | 37 | 9.8 | 49 | 10.7 | 0.78 |
| Injury and poisoning | 98 | 8.4 | 30 | 8.9 | 32 | 8.4 | 36 | 7.9 | 0.86 |
| Blood/blood forming organs | 92 | 7.8 | 23 | 6.8 | 31 | 8.2 | 38 | 8.3 | 0.72 |
| Neoplasms | 24 | 2.0 | 7 | 2.1 | 8 | 2.1 | 9 | 2.0 | 1.00 |
| Residual codes | 15 | 1.3 | 3 | 0.9 | 4 | 1.1 | 8 | 1.7 | 0.51 |
| Pregnancy complications | 8 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.8 | 3 | 0.7 | 0.95 |
| Congenital anomalies | 2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.4 | 0.21 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Age in years | 46.7 | 14.3 | 46.8 | 14.0 | 46.3 | 14.5 | 46.9 | 14.5 | 0.86 |
| Days with provider | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.6 | < 0.01 |
| Length of stay in days | 6.9 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 8.1 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 0.90 |
| Addiction severity | |||||||||
| Cigarettes‡ | 2.1 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 0.40 |
| Alcohol§ | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.24 |
| Other drugs§ | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.19 |
| SF-12 scoresǁǁ | |||||||||
| Physical component | 36.2 | 11.3 | 36.9 | 11.2 | 36.4 | 11.3 | 35.7 | 11.4 | 0.34 |
| Mental component | 42.4 | 12.6 | 41.8 | 12.6 | 42.4 | 12.9 | 42.8 | 12.4 | 0.54 |
| Motivation for change score¶ | |||||||||
| Importance | 7.3 | 3.5 | 7.6 | 3.3 | 7.1 | 3.6 | 7.3 | 3.4 | 0.16 |
| Ability | 6.8 | 3.2 | 6.7 | 3.1 | 7.0 | 3.2 | 6.8 | 3.3 | 0.43 |
| Commitment | 6.9 | 3.6 | 7.1 | 3.5 | 6.9 | 3.7 | 6.9 | 3.6 | 0.58 |
HCUP Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database used to characterize patients’ medical diagnoses
*The substance the patient identified as most problematic
†Substance use disorder was determined using DSM 5 criteria from the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Inventory
‡Addiction severity for cigarettes was measured with the Heaviness of Smoking Index, with scores interpreted as follows: 1–2 = low addiction; 3–4 = moderate addiction; 5–6 = high addiction. HSI scores represent average among patients identifying nicotine as primary drug
§Addiction severity for alcohol and other drugs (illicit and prescription medications) was measured with the Addiction Severity Index composite scores, ranging from 0 (no problems) to 1 (severe problems). Alcohol and other drug scores represent average among patients identifying alcohol and other drug, respectively, as primary drug
ǁǁThe 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12) provides component scores for physical and mental health ranging from 0 (lowest level of health) to 100 (highest level of health)
¶Motivation for change items were rated from 0 to 10, with higher ratings indicative of higher motivation
#p values are from chi-squared test for categorical variables and ANOVA F test for continuous variables