Table 2.

Main chemical characteristics of low molecular weight (MW) heparins (LMWHs) [Minghetti et al.9]

Depolarization method	LMWH	Representative and residues	MW mean	Xa/IIa ratio	Pharmacopeia specific assays	Sulfatation degree
Deaminative cleavage Nitrous acid	Nadroparin §	Nonreducing; 2‐O‐sulfo‐alfa‐L‐ idopyranosuric acid Reducing	See Table 1	See Table 1	Ethanol; N‐NO groups; free sulfates   Nitrite, boron	2.5         1.8
	Dalteparin #	6‐O‐sulfo‐2,5‐anhydro‐D‐mannitol				2.5
Isoamyl‐nitrate	Reviparin §					2–2.6
	Certoparin §					2
Beta‐eliminative cleavage benzylation and alkaline treatment	Enoxaparin #	Nonreducing: 4‐enopyranose urinate Reducing: 1,6‐anhydro derivate	See Table 1	See Table 1	Benzylalcohol Content + % oligosaccharide chains that are cylizied in 1,6‐anhydro ring
Alkaline treatment with quarternary NH4‐salt	Bemiparin §	‐			‐	‐
Enzymatic treatment Heparinase	Tinzaparin #	Nonreducing end: 2‐O‐sulfo‐4 enepyrano‐suric acid Reducing end: 2‐N,6‐O‐disulfo‐D‐glucosamine	See Table 1	See Table 1
Radical‐catalysed depolymerization: peroxide + copper salt	Parnaparin §	Nonreducing end: 2‐O‐sulafo‐alfa‐L‐idopyrano‐suric acid Reducing end: 2‐N,6‐O‐disulfo‐D‐glucosamine			Copper
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