Table 4.
Outcome measures scores for each group over time.
| Baseline | 6 weeks | Δ within group | Δ between group (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome, mean ± SD | ||||
| MODQ (0–100 scale) | ||||
| Stab-only | 30.80 ± 10.2 | 12.81 ± 5.2 | 17.99* | −1.68 (−7.88–4.19) |
| Stab + NMES | 30.52 ± 7.8 | 14.49 ± 10.2 | 16.03* | |
| NPRS (0–10 scale) | ||||
| Stab-only | 4.44 ± 1.8 | 2.07 ± 1.1 | 2.37* | −0.27 (−1.24–.70) |
| Stab + NMES | 4.20 ± 1.9 | 2.34 ± 1.5 | 1.86* | |
| FABQ-PA (0–24 scale) | ||||
| Stab-only | 12.33 ± 5.5 | 8.41 ± 6.0 | 3.92* | −2.33 (−6.38–1.71) |
| Stab + NMES | 14.27 ± 6.5 | 10.75 ± 4.7 | 3.52* | |
| FABQ-W (0–42 scale) | ||||
| Stab-only | 12.20 ± 10.9 | 8.87 ± 9.6 | 3.33 | 1.12 (−5.37–7.61) |
| Stab + NMES | 11.67 ± 10.5 | 7.75 ± 7.6 | 3.92 | |
| Paraspinal muscle strength (Biodex 3 Pro dynamometer)*,‡ | ||||
| Stab-only | 117.29 ± 57.7 Nm | 162.30 ± 55.2 Nm | 45.01* | −13.51 (−56.00–28.98) |
| Stab + NMES | 154.49 ± 59.1 Nm | 175.80 ± 58.4 Nm | 21.31* | |
SD, standard deviation; MODQ, Modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; NPRS, Numeric Pain Rating Scale; FABQ-PA, fear-avoidance behavior questionnaire – physical activity; FABQ-W, fear-avoidance behavior questionnaire – work; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
*
Indicates significant within group difference (p < 0.05).
‡
Controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and baseline paraspinal muscle strength difference.