Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies and measurement properties of self-report physical activity assessment tools for subjects with stroke.
| Instrument | Reference | Study population | Measurement property | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Card Sort - Hong Kong Version (ACS-HK) | Chan et al., 200619 | Hong Kong/China n = 60 Sex: 31(52%) men Group 1: Less active (n = 30), Age(y): 75(7), Time post-stroke(y): 1(0.2) Group 2: More active (n = 30), Age(y): 74(6), Time post-stroke(y): 1(1) |
Internal consistency | Cronbach's α = 0.89 |
| Test–retest reliability | Total group: ICC = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.97–0.99; Group 1: ICC = 0.91;Group 2: ICC = 0.92 | |||
| CV: Hypotheses testing | Difference between less active and more active groups: t = −1424, p = 0.001 Correlation between ACS-HK and ComQOL: r = 0.86, p = 0.001 |
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| Activity Card Sort (ACS) | Tucker et al., 201234 |
n = 29 Sex: 14(48%) men; Age(y): 61(13) Time post-stroke (y): 4(3) |
CV: Hypotheses testing | Correlation between Total ACS and RNL: r = 0.51, p = 0.01 Correlation between Total ACS and SIS Recovery r = 0.38; SIS Communication r = 0.46, p = 0.05; SIS Participation r = 0.41, p = 0.05; SIS Physical Domain r = 0.64, p = 0.01 Correlation between Total ACS and SF-36 Physical Function: r = 0.60, p = 0.01 |
| Coded activity diary | Vanroy et al., 201435 | Belgium n = 16 Sex: 9(56%) men; Age(y): 68(11) Time post-stroke(d): 78(53) Type of stroke: ischemic 9(56%) |
Criterion validity | Metabolic equivalent minutes (MET.min) between patient's diaries and observer's diaries: rs = 0.75, p = 0.001 Metabolic equivalent minutes (MET.min) between patient's diaries and Sensewear Pro2 armband (SWP2A): rs = 0.15, p = 0.59 Energy expenditure (kcal/12 h) between patient's diaries and observer's diaries: rs = 0.92, p = 0.0001 Energy expenditure (kcal/12 h) between patient's diaries and Sensewear Pro2 armband (SWP2A): rs = 0.29, p = 0.28 |
| Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) | Monteiro et al., 201727 | Salvador/Brazil n = 36 Sex: 13(36%) men; Age(y): 58(18) |
Inter-rater Reliability | Total FAI: ICC = 0.83, 95%CI = 0.69–0.91; p < 0.001; Total FAI: K = 0.66 (0.54–0.68); p < 0.001 |
|
n = 161 Sex: 50(31%) men; Age(y): 57(17) Time post-stroke(d): median 6(IQR4–12) Type of stroke: ischemic 98(61%) |
CV: Hypotheses testing | Correlation between FAI and NIHSS: rs = −0.23, p = 0.004 | ||
| Sarker et al., 201230 | London/United Kingdom n = 238 Sex: 124(52%) men; Age(y): 69(14) Time post-stroke(mo): 3 Type of stroke: ischemic 205(86%) |
Criterion validity | Correlation between FAI and BI: rs = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.74–0.84 Correlation between FAI and NEADL: rs = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.88–0.92 |
|
| Lu et al., 201226 | Taiwan/China n = 52 Sex: 37(71%) men; Age(y): 59(12) Time post-stroke(mo): >6 |
Test–retest reliability | t = 0.0(3.5), p = 0.94; ICC = 0.89, 95%CI = 0.81–0.93; LoA = 6.9 | |
| Measurement error | SEM = 2.4; SRD(SRD%) = 6.7(14.9) | |||
| Lin et al., 201225 | Taiwan/China n = 127 Sex: 93(73%) men; Age(y): 55(12) Time post-stroke(mo): 17(16) Type of stroke: infarction 50(39%) |
Internal consistency | Cronbach's α = 0.73–0.81 MNSQ infit = 0.63–1.49; t = −4.9–4.9 MNSQ outfit = 0.76–1.37; t = −3.20–3.20 |
|
| Wu et al., 201137 | Taiwan/China n = 70 Sex: 46(66%) men; Age(y): 56(12) Time post-stroke (mo): 20(13) |
Criterion validity | Correlation between FAI and NEADL: rs = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.70–0.90, p < 0.01 Correlation between FAI and SIS/ADL: rs = 0.40, 95%CI = 0.20–0.60, p < 0.01; SIS/Total: rs = 0.40, 95%CI = 0.20–0.60, p < 0.01; Correlation between FAI and MAL/amout of use: rs = 0.30, 95%CI = 0.10–0.50, p < 0.01; MAL/quality of movement: rs = 0.30, 95%CI = 0.10–0.50, p < 0.01 |
|
| Responsiveness | Responsiveness of FAI to detect change from before and after treatments of constraint-induced theray, bilateral arm training and control treatment. SRM (variant of effect size) is the mean change in score divided by the standard deviation of the changed scores. SRM = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3–0.7 indicate a moderate change |
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| Schepers et al., 200631 | Dutch/German n = 163 Sex: 102(63%) men; Age(y): 56(11) Time post-stroke(d): median 41 Type of stroke: ischemic 121(74%) |
Responsiveness | Responsiveness of FAI to detect change from six months and one year post stroke. Effect size were calculated dividing the mean absolute change score by the standard deviation of the baseline score. Effect size = 0.59 indicate a moderate change |
|
| Post and de Witte, 200329 | Dutch/German n = 45 Sex: 26(58%) men; Age(y): 56(11) Time post-stroke(w):31(32) Type of stroke: ischemic 31(69%) |
Inter-rater reliability | ICC = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.82–0.94; K = 0.41–0.90 | |
| Green et al., 200123 |
n = 22 Sex: 16(73%) men; Age(y): 72(7) Time post-stroke(mo): 15(0.5) |
Test–retest reliability | K = 0.25–1.0; Bland Altman: difference of −0.60(3.5), 95% limits of agreement −2.21–0.93. | |
| Piercy et al., 200028 | Oxfordshire/England n = 68 (n = 33 stroke, n = 35 carers) Sex: 27(40%) men; Age (y): 71(15) |
Inter-rater reliability | rs = 0.93, p < 0.001; K = 0.27–0.80; Bland Altman: difference 0.76(5), median –1(IRQ −4–2), 95% limits of agreement −9.9–8.4 | |
| Schuling et al., 199332 | Netherland n = 188 (n = 92 pre-stroke, n = 96 post-stroke group) Sex: 77(41%) men; Age(y): median 76(IQR10) Time post-stroke(w): 26 pre-stroke group Time post-stroke(mo): 6 post-stroke group |
Internal consistency | Cronbach's α = 0.78 prestroke group Cronbach's α = 0.87 poststroke group |
|
| CV: Hypotheses testing | Correlation between FAI and BI: r = 0.66 Correlation between FAI and subscales of SIP: r = −0.14 − (−0.73) |
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| Wade et al., 198536 | Frenchay/England n = 14 Time post-stroke(w): 1 |
Inter-rater reliability | rs = 0.80, p < 0.001 | |
|
n = 581 Age(y): 72(10); Time post-stroke(w): 3 |
CV: Structural validity | Factor analysis (varimax rotation): factor 1–30% variance, factor 2–17% variance, factor 3–7% variance | ||
|
n = 935 (n = 491 6mo, n = 444 1 y) Age(y): 71(10); Time post-stroke: 6 mo/1 y |
CV: Hypotheses testing | Correlation between FAI and BI: r = 0.60–0.65, p < 0.01 Correlation between FAI and Wakefield Depression: r = −0.35 − (−0.37), p < 0.01 |
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|
n = 383 Sex: 200 (52%) men Age(y):71(10); Time post-stroke: 1 y |
Responsiveness | Responsiveness of FAI to detect change from six months and one year post stroke. The average (SD) increase in FAI between the two-time points was 1.26(6.1) | ||
| Frenchay Activities Index - Chinese version (FAI-C) | Imam and Miller, 201224 | Chinese community in Vancouver/Canada n = 66 Sex: 19(29%) men; Age(y): 79(9) Time post-stroke(y): 22(10) |
Test–retest reliability | ICC = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.79–0.92 |
| CV: Hypotheses testing | Correlation between FAI-C and RNL: r = 0.61, p < 0.01 Correlation between FAI-C and ABC: r = 0.55, p < 0.01 Correlation between FAI-C and TUG: r = −0.68, p < 0.001 |
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| Human Activity Profile (HAP) | Teixeira-Salmela et al., 200733 |
n = 24 Sex: 13(54%) men Age(y): 64(12) Time post-stroke(y): 2(2) |
Criterion validity | MAS between subject HAP and observed performance: r = 0.95, p < 0.01 MAS between proxy HAP and observed performance: r = 0.80, p < 0.01 AAS between subject HAP and observed performance: r = 0.99, p < 0.01 AAS between proxy HAP and observed performance: r = 0.87, p < 0.01 |
| Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults (MARCA) |
English, 201622 | Meulborne/Australia n = 40 (validity: n = 36, reliability: n = 30) Sex: 26(65%) men; Age(y): 67(11) Time post-stroke(y): 4(10) Type of stroke: ischemic 29(73%) Severity of stroke: mild 34(85%) |
Test–retest reliability | ICC = 0.83, 95%CI = 0.68–0.92 for total score ICC = 0.95, 95%CI = 0.89–0.97 for superdomains |
| CV: Hypotheses testing | Total sitting time (min/d) between MARCA and activPAL3 activity monitor: ICC = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.38–0.84 Total daily energy expenditure (Kj/d) between MARCA and Sensewear armband: ICC = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.32–0.80 |
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| Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire (short version) | Drummond et al., 200121 | Nottingham/United Kingdon n = 121 Time post-stroke(y): 1 |
Test–retest reliability | K = 0.44–0.94; Bland and Altman: difference −0.25(3.23), 95% limits of agreement 6.21 − (−6.71) |
| Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire |
Drummond and Walker, 199420 | Nottingham/United Kingdon n = 20 Sex: 11(55%) men; Age(y): 73(9) Time post-stroke(d): 654(178) |
Inter-rater reliability | K = 0.65–1.0 |
|
n = 21 Sex: 12(57%) men; Age(y): 73(9) Time post-stroke(d): 477(50) |
Test–retest reliability | K = 0.23–1.0 |
CV, construct validity; BI, Barthel Index; NEADL, Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living; SIS, Stroke Impact Scale; MAL, Motor Activity Log; RNL, Reintegration to Normal Living Scale; ABC, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale; TUG, Timed Up and Go; SIP, Sckiness Impact Profile; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; ComQOL, Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale; SF-36, 36-item Short-Form Medical Outcomes Study; MAS, Maximum Activity Score; AAS, Ajusted Activity Score; SEM, Standard Error of Measurement; SRD, Smallest Real Difference; MNSQ, Mean Squares; SRM, Standardized Response Mean.