Figure 7.

Goniometric measurements used to estimate glenohumeral joint abduction (blue) as the difference between shoulder abduction (black; plotted on the horizontal axis of the graphs) and the scapulothoracic rotation position (green). A healthy male (A) and a male with scapular dyskinesis (B) are each shown holding their shoulder abducted to 70 degrees. Upward rotation of the scapula is indicated by positive angles; downward rotation by negative angles.

Reproduced with permission from Neumann DA, Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation, 3rd ed., Elsevier, 2017.