Table 1.
Clinical features of patients and controls
| Control | PD | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics | |||
| Age at inclusion¢ | 55.59 ± 10.22 | 60.81 ± 10.23 | 0.064 |
| Male:female ratio^ | 54:46 | 56:44 | – |
| Body mass index (BMI)¢ | 26.85 ± 3.89 | 27.52 ± 4.54 | 0.549 |
| Symptom duration (years)¢ | NA | 2.90 ± 3.14 | – |
| Tremoric:akinetic ratio^ | NA | 59.4:53.1 | – |
| Clinical scales¢ | |||
| Hoehn & Yahr | NA | 2.17 ± 0.88 | – |
| UPDRS I | 0.72 ± 0.98 | 2.50 ± 1.60 | < 0.0001*** |
| UPDRS II | 0.32 ± 0.89 | 13.28 ± 6.56 | < 0.0001*** |
| UPDRS III | 1.72 ± 3.71 | 35.68 ± 18.29 | < 0.0001*** |
| UPDRS IV | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | > 0.999 |
| Total UPDRS | 2.77 ± 4.05 | 51.59 ± 25.13 | < 0.0001*** |
| Schwab-England scale | 99.54 ± 2.13 | 76.59 ± 22.55 | < 0.0001*** |
| Beck’s depression test | 5.54 ± 6.24 | 11.50 ± 8.00 | 0.003** |
| Non-motor symptoms^ | |||
| Sialorrhea | NA | 25 | – |
| Sleep disturbance | NA | 50 | – |
| Hyposmia | NA | 25 | – |
| Depression | NA | 50 | – |
| Falls | NA | 25 | – |
| Comorbidities^ | |||
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 13.6 | 12.5 | 0.999 |
| Hypertension | 9.1 | 37.5 | 0.029* |
| Dyslipidemia | 0 | 12.5 | 0.141 |
| Depressive disorder | 3.1 | 6.25 | 0.557 |
¢Values are expressed as mean ± SD
^Values are expressed as percentage of subjects
*P < 0.05 is considered as significant
** P < 0.005 is considered as significant
***P < 0.0005 is considered as significant