Table 1.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of FH patients with or without an incident cardiovascular event
| Variables | Overall (N = 338) |
Without events (N = 305) | With events (N = 33) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical factors | ||||
| Age, years | 49.38 ± 11.35 | 49.34 ± 11.32 | 49.67 ± 11.81 | 0.877 |
| Male, n (%) | 198 (58.6) | 178 (58.4) | 20 (60.6) | 0.894 |
| BMI, kg/(m2) | 25.49 ± 3.41 | 25.42 ± 3.38 | 26.11 ± 3.66 | 0.282 |
| Normal weight, n (%) | 155 (45.9) | 143 (46.9) | 12 (36.4) | |
| Overweight, n (%) | 134 (39.6) | 119 (39.0) | 15 (45.5) | |
| Obesity, n (%) | 49 (14.5) | 43 (14.1) | 6 (18.2) | |
| Prior CAD, n (%) | 189 (55.9) | 166 (54.4) | 23 (69.7) | 0.093 |
| Family history of CAD, n (%) | 157 (46.4) | 145 (47.5) | 12 (36.4) | 0.221 |
| Currently smoking, n (%) | 141 (41.7) | 126 (41.3) | 15 (45.5) | 0.657 |
| Alcohol drinker, n (%) | 67 (19.8) | 61 (20.0) | 6 (18.2) | 0.173 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 146 (43.2) | 125 (41.0) | 21 (63.6) | 0.012 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 61 (18.0) | 55 (18.0) | 6 (18.2) | 0.971 |
| Baseline statin use, n (%) | 263 (77.8) | 234 (76.7) | 29 (87.9) | 0.143 |
| Tendon xanthoma, n (%) | 26 (7.7) | 24 (7.9) | 2 (6.1) | 0.711 |
| Definite FH, n (%) | 222 (65.7) | 199 (65.2) | 23 (69.7) | 0.609 |
| Laboratory factors | ||||
| TG, mmol/L | 1.63 (1.21–2.14) | 1.61 (1.18–2.11) | 1.84 (1.40–2.46) | 0.210 |
| TC, mmol/L | 7.00 ± 2.07 | 6.98 ± 2.03 | 7.24 ± 2.41 | 0.488 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.11 ± 0.32 | 1.12 ± 0.32 | 1.02 ± 0.33 | 0.110 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 5.20 ± 1.78 | 5.19 ± 1.79 | 5.23 ± 1.75 | 0.901 |
| ApoA, g/L | 1.31 ± 0.31 | 1.32 ± 0.31 | 1.28 ± 0.37 | 0.502 |
| ApoB, g/L | 1.45 ± 0.45 | 1.44 ± 0.45 | 1.56 ± 0.47 | 0.141 |
| Lp(a), mg/dL |
34.95 (14.35–67.11) |
32.29 (13.37–66.19) |
55.09 (26.96–77.82) |
0.025 |
| HsCRP, mg/L | 1.52 (0.71–3.20) | 1.40 (0.69–3.06) | 2.34 (0.88–4.67) | 0.095 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.54 ± 1.50 | 5.48 ± 1.44 | 6.02 ± 1.87 | 0.115 |
| HbA1C, % | 6.12 ± 1.05 | 6.10 ± 1.02 | 6.28 ± 1.27 | 0.364 |
| WBC, ng/mL | 6.34 ± 1.78 | 6.31 ± 1.81 | 6.54 ± 1.52 | 0.475 |
| LYM, ng/mL | 2.06 ± 0.66 | 2.07 ± 0.68 | 1.92 ± 0.50 | 0.226 |
| PCSK9, ng/mL |
322.18 (249.97–396.24) |
311.89 (246.73–386.61) |
332.47 (294.74–448.96) |
0.038 |
| FH mutations | 191 (56.5) | 172 (57.0) | 19 (56.4) | 0.896 |
| LDLR, n (%) | 126 (37.3) | 116 (38.0) | 10 (30.3) | |
| APOB, n (%) | 31 (9.2) | 24 (7.9) | 7 (21.2) | |
| PCSK9, n (%) | 5 (0.9) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (3.0) | |
| Double/Compound heterozygote, n (%) | 31 (9.2) | 29 (9.5) | 2 (6.1) | |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or n (%)
FH familial hypercholesterolemia, BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, TG triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ApoA apolipoprotein A, ApoB apolipoprotein B, Lp(a) lipoprotein(a), hsCRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, WBC white blood cell, LYM lymphocyte, PCSK9 proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9, LDLR low-density lipoprotein cholesterol receptor