Table 2.

Gender-stratified relationship of baseline cognitive measures with anemia^a and hemoglobin, CHARLS (Visit 1, 2011-2012y, N = 10,918)

Outcome variable	Analytic Model	Alld		Male		Female
		β (95%CI)	p-value	β (95%CI)	p-value	β (95%CI)	p-value
Anemiab
Global Cognition	Model1	− 0.65(− 0.87, − 0.42)	< 0.001	− 0.63(− 0.96, − 0.30)	0.003	− 0.73(− 1.03, − 0.42)	< 0.001
	Model2	− 0.45(− 0.64, − 0.25)	< 0.001	− 0.33(− 0.64, − 0.03)	0.030	− 0.55(− 0.81, − 0.29)	< 0.001
	Model3	−0.49(− 0.69, − 0.29)	< 0.001	− 0.40(− 0.71, − 0.10)	0.010	− 0.56(− 0.82, − 0.29)	< 0.001
Episodic Memory	Model1	− 0.20(− 0.29, − 0.11)	< 0.001	− 0.21(− 0.35, − 0.08)	0.002	− 0.19(− 0.31, − 0.07)	0.002
	Model2	− 0.14(− 0.23, − 0.06)	0.001	− 0.14(− 0.27, − 0.01)	0.033	− 0.15(− 0.26, − 0.03)	0.012
	Model3	− 0.14(− 0.23, − 0.05)	0.002	−0.14(− 0.28, − 0.01)	0.037	−0.14(− 0.25, − 0.02)	0.023
TICS	Model1	−0.28(− 0.44, − 0.11)	0.001	−0.22(− 0.47, 0.02)	0.076	−0.37(− 0.59, − 0.15)	0.001
	Model2	−0.16(− 0.30, − 0.02)	0.028	−0.03(− 0.25, 0.19)	0.787	−0.26(− 0.45, − 0.07)	0.007
	Model3	−0.23(− 0.38, − 0.08)	0.002	−0.11(− 0.33, 0.12)	0.360	−0.33(− 0.52, − 0.13)	0.001
Hemoglobin Concentration (g/dL)c
Global Cognition	Model1	0.038(0.002, 0.074)	0.039	0.08(0.03, 0.13)	0.001	0.02(−0.04, 0.07)	0.545
	Model2	0.037(0.005, 0.069)	0.022	0.04(−0.01, 0.09)	0.080	0.04(−0.01, 0.09)	0.060
	Model3	0.042(0.011, 0.074)	0.011	0.05(0.01, 0.10)	0.036	0.04(−0.01, 0.09)	0.068
Episodic Memory	Model1	0.012(−0.002, 0.026)	0.083	0.02(−0.01, 0.04)	0.059	0.01(− 0.01, 0.03)	0.482
	Model2	0.012(−0.002, 0.026)	0.082	0.01(−0.01, 0.03)	0.262	0.01(− 0.01, 0.03)	0.146
	Model3	0.012(−0.002, 0.026)	0.087	0.01(−0.01, 0.03)	0.269	0.01(− 0.01, 0.03)	0.182
TICS	Model1	−0.004(− 0.030, 0.023)	0.788	0.03(− 0.01, 0.07)	0.077	−0.02(− 0.06, 0.01)	0.211
	Model2	0.001(− 0.022, 0.025)	0.908	0.01(− 0.03, 0.04)	0.622	−0.01(− 0.03, 0.03)	0.924
	Model3	0.008(− 0.016, 0.031)	0.517	0.02(− 0.02, 0.05)	0.325	0.01(− 0.03, 0.04)	0.862

BMI Body mass index, MCV Mean corpuscular volume, eGFR Estimated glomerular function rate, CI Confidence interval, TICS Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status.

Notes:^a Anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentrations lower than 13g/dl for men and lower than 12g/dl for women;

^bThe dichotomous anemia being the independent variable;

^cThe continuous hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) being the independent variable;

^dWhen analyzed for the whole sample, gender was included as covariate for model 1 to model 3;

Model 1 adjusted for age;

Model 2 adjusted for age, education level, marital status, BMI, cigarette smoking status, alcohol consumption, C reactive protein, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol;

Model 3 adjusted for age, education level, marital status, BMI, cigarette smoking status, alcohol consumption, C reactive protein, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, chronic pain, MCV, eGFR and associated comorbidities (cancer, kidney, stroke, heart, lung, hypertension, diabetes );