Table 4.
Anthropometric and laboratory parameters of neonates at birth, categorized by maternal BMI (kg/m2)
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) |
Normal weight (BMI 18.5- < 23) |
Overweight (BMI ≥23) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Total number (n = 138) | 38 | 67 | 33 |
| Anthropometric indices | |||
| Birth weight (gram)a | 2700 (400) | 2800 (400) | 2900 (400) |
| Birth length (cm) a | 45.4 (3.1) | 46.3 (2.6) | 45.9 (2.3) |
| Head circumference (cm) a | 32.9 (1.3) | 33.0 (1.5) | 33.4 (2.7) |
| MUAC (cm) a | 9.7 (0.8) | 9.8 (0.8) | 9.8 (0.9) |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| Blood glucose (mmol/l) b | 4.3 (3.4, 5.2) | 3.7 (3.3, 5.1) | 3.7 (3.2, 4.2) * |
| Insulin (μIU/ml) b | 6.0 (4.3, 13.5) | 7.3 (3.2, 12.1) | 6.1 (4.6, 9.4) |
| HOMA-IR b | 1.1 (0.7, 2.7) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.6) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) |
| Glucose to insulin ratio b | 11.5 (8.3, 16.0) | 10.0 (6.5, 16.1) | 10.3 (7.2, 15.1) |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) b | 67.0 (58.5, 85.0) | 67.5 (56.3, 75.8) | 60.5 (50.8, 66.3) * |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) b | 40.0 (28.5, 48.5) | 35.5 (24.0, 52.0) | 34.0 (28.0, 53.0) |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) b | 25.0 (20.0, 34.0) | 23.0 (19.3, 31.0) | 21.5 (17.5, 27.0) * |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) b | 36.0 (25.0, 43.0) | 35.5 (26.5, 41.8) | 30.0 (24.8, 35.0) |
| Vitamin D (nmol/l) b | 31.7 (27.1, 42.7) | 33.6 (28.4, 43.7) | 38.2 (31.5, 46.6) |
| Vitamin B12 (pg/ml) b | 372.0 (297.3, 496.8) | 424.5 (297.0, 641.5) | 514.5 (369.0, 751.0) *† |
| Homocysteine (μmol/l) b | 5.4 (4.6, 7.2) | 5.0 (4.0, 6.0) | 4.7 (3.6, 6.4) |
| Folate (ng/ml) b | 15.8 (13.2, 24.8) | 17.3 (13.8, 22.4) | 16.5 (14.5, 18.7) |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) b | 103.8 (61.5, 253.8) | 142.5 (64.4, 203.8) | 81.6 (43.5, 161.0) |
| Leptin (ng/ml) b | 4.3 (2.7, 8.1) | 5.1 (2.9, 8.8) | 5.7 (4.0, 7.1) |
Data are presented as a mean (SD) or b median (interquartile range)
*p-value < 0.05 compared with underweight; †p-value < 0.05 compared with normal. Abbreviation: BMI body mass index, MUAC mid upper arm circumference, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol