Table 2.

Demographic characteristics of study participants, stratified by sex

	Males (N = 2026)	Females (N = 1893)	P value for difference between men and women
Outcome: workplace psychological health and safety climate	Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)
Healthy/supportive	347 (17%)	258 (14%)	<0.01
Good	600 (30%)	588 (31%)
Fair	436 (22%)	399 (21%)
Neutral	164 (8%)	136 (7%)
Not so good	274 (14%)	323 (17%)
Poor	107 (5%)	95 (5%)
Toxic	98 (5%)	94 (5%)
Psychosocial exposures
Quantitative demands	4.29 (2.13)	4.38 (2.25)	0.21
Work pace	5.85 (2.26)	6.15 (2.32)	<0.01
Emotional demands	4.47 (2.52)	5.07 (2.52)	<0.01
Influence at work	5.02 (2.58)	5.64 (2.47)	<0.01
Possibilities for development	3.11 (2.20)	3.12 (2.12)	0.89
Meaning of work + commitment to the workplace	3.55 (2.44)	3.35 (2.33)	0.01
Predictability + rewards	4.40 (2.49)	4.45 (2.41)	0.47
Role clarity	3.16 (2.40)	2.92 (2.26)	<0.01
Role conflict	4.71 (2.44)	4.52 (2.50)	0.01
Quality of leadership + social support from supervisors	4.22 (2.55)	4.19 (2.62)	0.78
Social support from colleagues	2.94 (2.45)	2.79 (2.41)	0.04
Social community at work	2.22 (2.17)	2.27 (2.07)	0.47
Job insecurity	3.46 (2.64)	3.20 (2.48)	<0.01
Work life conflict	5.89 (2.20)	5.85 (2.24)	0.54
Vertical trust + organizational justice	4.03 (2.41)	3.97 (2.35)	0.44
Gender role in relation to work
Masculine (lowest quartile)	758 (37%)	253 (13%)
Intermediate	957 (47%)	791 (42%)	<0.01
Feminine (highest quartile)	311 (15%)	849 (45%)

Employed Canadians working in workplaces with more than five employees (N = 3919). Psychosocial exposures were adjusted to a 0 to 10 scale, with higher scores indicating a more negative exposure. The outcome was scored such that a worse workplace psychological health and safety climate was given a higher score on a scale of 1 to 7.

A P < 0.05 indicates a significant difference between the male and female groups at the 95% confidence level.