Table 3.
Within-person comparison of qualitative dietary characteristics (adjusted mean and 95% CI1) in relation to whether or not plain water was mentioned in the recall, NHANES 2005–2012.
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain water reported in the 24-h recall |
Plain water not reported in the 24-h recall |
Water day minus no water day, p2 value |
Plain water reported in the 24-h recall |
Plain water not reported in the 24-h recall |
Water day minus no water day, p2 value |
|
| n | 1875 | 1875 | 1479 | 1479 | ||
| Energy density of foods, kcals/g | 2.03 (1.98, 2.07) | 2.04 (1.99, 2.10) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.04) P = 0.6 |
1.92 (1.86, 1.97) | 1.91 (1.86, 1.96) | 0.008 (− 0.05, 0.07) P = 0.2 |
| Energy density of beverages, kcal/g | 0.30 (0.27, 0.29) | 0.28 (0.27, 0.30) | 0.01 (0.001, 0.02) P = 0.03 |
0.28 (0.26, 0.29) | 0.27 (0.26, 0.28) | 0.008 (− 0.005, 0.02) P = 0.8 |
| Added sugar, tsp/1000kcal | 9.0 (8.4, 9.5) | 9.4 (8.9, 9.8) | −0.4 (−0.8, −0.04) P = 0.03 |
9.0 (8.6, 9.4) | 9.6 (9.1, 10.2) | −0.6 (−1.1, −0.1) P = 0.02 |
| Fruit, cup equivalents/1000 kcal | 0.4 (0.35, 0.43) | 0.4 (0.35, 0.41) | 0.009 (−.02,0.04) P = 0.6 |
0.5 (0.43, 0.58) | 0.1 (0.45, 0.56) | −0.003 (−.06, 0.06) P = 0.9 |
| Vegetable, cup equivalents/1000 kcals | 0.7 (0.67, 0.78) | 0.7 (0.65, 0.74) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) P = 0.3 |
0.8 (0.78, 0.89) | 0.8 (0.76, 0.86) | 0.02 (− 0.04, 0.09) P = 0.5 |
| Fiber, g/1000 kcal | 7.3 (7.0, 7.6) | 6.9 (6.6, 7.3) | 0.36 (0.005, 0.72) P = 0.05 |
8.2 (7.9, 8.5) | 7.9 (7.6, 8.3) | 0.26 (− 0.09, 0.61) P = 0.1 |
| Vitamin C, mg/1000 kcal | 35 (32, 38) | 38 (35, 42) | −3.4 (−6.6, −0.2) P = 0.04 |
43 (38, 48) | 46 (41, 50) | −2.4 (−7, 2.2) P = 0.3 |
| Potassium, mg/1000 kcal | 1252 (1214, 1289) | 1264 (1226, 1303) | −13 (−46, 21) P = 0.4 |
1339 (1299, 1380) | 1374 (1343, 1406) | − 35 (− 78, 8.1) P = 0.1 |
| Magnesium, mg/1000 kcal | 134 (130, 138) | 130 (126, 133) | 4.9 (1.0, 8.8) P = 0.01 |
145 (140, 149) | 137 (134, 140) | 7 (3, 11) P = 0.0004 |
| Sodium,mg/1000 kcal | 1665 (1626, 1703) | 1614 (1583, 1646) | 50 (8, 92) P = 0.02 |
1727 (1679, 1775) | 1654 (1610, 1699) | 72 (13, 132) P = 0.02 |
Estimates are adjusted means (i.e., predicted margins) and 95% confidence intervals associated with an indicator for whether it was a recall day with or without plain water. The multiple linear regression models include each dietary characteristic as a continuous dependent variable, and dummy variables for week day of recall (week day vs. weekend) and mode of recall administration (in-person vs. telephone), and a separate dummy variable for each individual in the study to allow individual-intercepts, as independent variables.
P-values obtained from Wald’s F-tests. Actual p values are presented. The multiple comparison adjusted p value for significant differences < 0.005.