Table 1.

Adjuvants currently in clinical or preclinical use for the elderly population.

Name	Adjuvant Class	Components	Clinical Stage	References
MF59®	Oil-in-water emulsion	Squalene, Tween 80, Span85	Licensed	[185–188]
AS03	Oii-in-water emulsion	Squalene, polysorbate 80, α-tocopherol	Phase II (licensed during pandemic)	[189–192]
Montanide™	Oil-in-water emulsion	Mineral oil, mannide monooleale surfactant	Phase I	[193, 196]
CAF01	Cationic liposomes	Dimethyl dioctadecylammonium, trehalose dibehenate	Preclinical	[194, 197]
JVRS-100	Cationic liposomes + DNA	DOTIM, cholesterol, plasmid DNA	Preclinical	[195]
Flagellin	TLR agonist	Flagellin	Preclinical	[25]
GLA-SE	Oil-in-water emulsion + TLR agonist	GLA, squalene	Preclinical	[200–203]
Imiquimod	TLR agonist	Imiquimod	Phase II/III	[204, 205]
CpG ODN + Flt3 ligand	TLR-agonist + DC stimulant	Plasmid DNA encoding for CpG ODN + Flt3 ligand	Preclinical	[218]
CpG1018	TLR agonist	CpG ODN	Licensed	[208–213]
AS02V	Oil-in-water emulsion + TLR agonist + saponin	Squalene, MPL, QS-21	Phase II	[219]
AS01B	Liposomes + TLR agonist + saponin	Liposomes, MPL, QS-21	Licensed	[223–225]

DOTIM: 1-[2-(oleoyloxy)ethyl]-2-oleyl-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)imidazolinium chloride

Flt-3: Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3

GLA: glucopyranosyl lipid A

MPL: 3-O-desacyl-4’-monophosphoryl lipid A

ODN: oligodeoxynucleotide

QS-21: Quillaja saponaria Molina, fraction 21