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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacol Res. 2019 Sep 10;148:104452. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104452

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Effects of PBI1 treatment on cell morphology and M1 marker expression. a) Confocal microscopy images (20x) depicting changes in cell morphology following treatment with 20 μg/ml PBI1. PBI1-treated macrophages (center) resembled those polarized to an M1 phenotype (right), with a “flatter” appearance and more pseudopodia, in comparison with non-treated cells (left). b) RT-PCR analysis of TNF-α (left) and iNOS (right) expression in PBI1 treated cells revealed significantly greater expression of both relative to non-treated controls. M2 + PBI1 refers to cells polarized to the M2 phenotype and subsequently treated with PBI1. c) ELISA analysis of IL-6 secretion following treatment. Unpaired, two-tailed student T-tests with equal variance were used to determine significance; *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.005, ***P ≤ 0.0005, ****P ≤ 0.00005. n.s. = non-significant.