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. 2018 Sep 5;21(11):1693–1703. doi: 10.1111/ele.13148

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© 2018 The Authors Ecology Letters published by CNRS and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Sensitivity surface illustrating the contribution to the population growth rate, log(λ_t). (a) Illustrates the direct (k = 0) contributions from each of the vital rate parameters, θ_it; and (b) Illustrates the delayed (k = 1) contributions from each of the delayed (‘lag 1’) vital rate parameters θ_i(t−1). Vital rate parameters (x‐axis) were mean‐centred to facilitate comparisons. Rugs on the x‐axis and y‐axis illustrate the distribution of the θ_it and the distribution of the log(λ_t) contribution respectively.