Figure 2.

The contributions of the variance and (co)variances of the vital rates to the variance of the population growth rate, log(λ_t). (a) The contribution is partitioned according to the direct (vital rate parameters, θ_it), and the delayed effects (‘lag 1’ vital rate parameters, θ_i(t−1)). Each bar indicates the scaled contribution (percentage of total variance of log(λ_t)) from each parameter on the predicted value of λ_t. (b) Covariation between vital rate parameters and its contribution to the predicted value of λ_t. The colour of the dots illustrates the directionality of the covariation.