Table 1.

Terminology used to describe approaches focussing on pairwise effects and changes to interactions. Note that ‘higher‐order interaction’ has been used for both concepts

Process	Terminology	References
Pairwise effect	Trait‐mediated indirect interaction	Werner & Peacor (2003); Abrams (2007)
	Functional indirect interaction	Janssen et al. (1998)
	Trait‐mediated biotic indirect effect	Goudard & Loreau (2012)
	Trait‐initiated indirect effect	Abrams (2004)
	Trait‐transmitted indirect effects	Abrams (1995)
	Behavioural indirect effect	Miller & Kerfoot (1987)
	Chemical response indirect effect	Miller & Kerfoot (1987)
	Non‐consumptive predator effect	Preisser & Bolnick (2008)
	Non‐trophic interaction	Kéfi et al. (2015)
	Risk effect	Creel & Christianson (2008)
	Emergent multi‐predator effects	Sih et al. (1998)
	Higher‐order interaction	Vandermeer (1969)
Change to interaction	Trophic interaction modification	Golubski & Abrams (2011)
	Interaction modification	Wootton (1993)
	Rheagogy	Arditi et al. (2005)
	Environment‐mediated interaction modification	Wootton (2002)
	Associational resistance/susceptibility	Barbosa et al. (2009)
	Resource choice	Abrams (2010b)
	Prey switching	Koen‐Alonso (2007)
	Higher‐order interaction	Billick & Case (1994)