Table 1. .

Learning theories address questions that form the basis of how we understand radiology and differential diagnosis²⁶

Learning Theory	Question Addressed	Description
Behaviorist theory	Is the best diagnosis made?	The study of behavior focuses on questions including whether radiology trainees formulate the most accurate differential, and whether significant radiologic features or lesions are distinguished from artefact. This context emphasizes on results demonstrated by trainees but treats trainees as a “black box.”
Cognitive theory	How was the best diagnosis made and from what reasoning?	Cognitive processes highlight reasoning involved in deciding diagnoses. What features were compiled by trainees and how did he or she rank these to determine a differential? The focus becomes how we can allow trainees to develop skills necessary for obtaining correct responses. Furthermore, this aspect identifies cognitive biases, or mistakes in memory recall, reasoning or decision-making, that are salient in practice.
Constructivist theory	With whom and with what tools was the best diagnosis made?	Learning is recognized to be a social process wherein trainees rely on and actively participate in interactions with other trainees, technologists, clinical colleagues, and staff physicians. Trainees will utilize tools to facilitate their education. Relationships between trainees, their mentors and supervisors, and study resources creates a greater understanding of how radiology is learnt and practiced.